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Feedlot MNGMT Exam 3 (lec. 12-17, lab 6-9)
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113 Terms
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1
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formulation of feedlot cattle diets can be _____ and time consuming
precise
2
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feedlot diets take into consideration:
nutrient requirements (age, weight, breed), milling capabilities, storage capabilities, availability/price feedstuffs
3
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ways to cut feeding costs
good records, adjust input costs, use technology, optimize market strat, health, managements considerations, mineral program,
4
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good records can monitor what?
inventory loss
5
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adjusting input costs: how much does feed account for of all total livestock costs
60 to 70%
6
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technology available to cut costs
ionophores, implants, beat-agonists
7
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health protocols:
minimize death loss
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what do management considerations include?
feed bunk, water maintenance, cattle handling, etc
9
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6 nutrient requirements
water, carbohydrates, protein, lipids, vitamins, minerals
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most important nutrient in the feedlot?
water
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the ______ of the water is very important
cleanlines
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water troughs should be cleaned at least _______
bi-weekly
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what percent of the diet is concentrates?
90-94%
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what ingredients are concentrates
grain, byproduct, supplement, liquids
15
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grain is the main source of _____
energy
16
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byproducts provide both energy and _____
protein
17
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supplements provides vitamins, ______, and feed _____ in some cases
minerals, additives
18
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most feedlot diets are _________ diets, provides the most _____ per unit cost and contain a large proportion of ______
high-energy, energy, concentrates
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roughages help to maintain __________ and function, as well as provide stimulation or ___________
rumen health, scratch factor
20
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high concentrations of concentrate feedstuffs results in greater what?
performance, carcass growth, and fat
21
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typical sources of grains
corn, sorghum, barley, wheat
22
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processing grains can be used to:
alter nutrient availability/digestibility, alter particle size
23
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altering nutrient availability/digestibility does what
increases starch digestibility and alter site of digestion of nutrients
24
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processing grains can be used to:
improve storage life, palatability, and mixing characteristics
25
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what is type of grain processing king in this region?
steam-flaking
26
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selecting proper method for feed processing depends on:
nutritional factors (type, composition, intake, health, performance) and non-nutritional factors (operation size, mill capacity, maintenance/operation costs)
27
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what is steam-flaking?
exposing grains to heat and moisture before rolling
28
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heat and moisture in steam-flaking causes starch _______
gelatinization
29
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rolling in steam-flaking disrupts the _______ and _______________
pericarp (outside of kernel), protein matrix
30
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steam-flaking results in:
enzymatic access to starch, increase surface area for attachment, increases starch digestibility
31
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steam-flaking does not work the same in all grains:
steam-flaking corn increases rumen digestibility, steam-flaking what increases bypass to small intestine
32
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_________ of corn may impact steam-flaking process
moisture
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evaluating steam-flaked grain quality (formula and %)
bushel weight / flake weight
starch availibility
34
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high-moisture grains are stored for ________ until feeding
fermentation
35
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high-moisture grains are crops harvested at _____ or greater moisture
24%
36
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what is dry-rolling?
steam-flaking without steaming and soaking process
37
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dry-rolling disrupts
pericarp and protein matrix
38
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dry-rolling does NOT what?
gelatinize starch
39
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use of grain byproducts are a great way to take advantage of cheaper sources of ______ and ______ if it makes _________ _______
energy, protein, financial sense
40
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wet milling byproducts area result of production of _________ __________
artificial sweeteners
41
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dry milling byproducts area results of production of _________
ethanol
42
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not all roughage is created __________
equal
43
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dry roughage is ____ digestible but you can use less = improved _____ with more gain
less, performance
44
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silage is ____ digestible = improved _____ with less grain
more, efficiency
45
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added fats can be a source of ____ in diets
energy
46
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many pf currently used _______ feeds have high concentrations of fat
byproduct
47
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majority of fats are in what form?
liquid
48
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added fat used to a greater extend in _______ diets
finishing
49
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% of added fat is lower than recommended because fat is ______
expensive
50
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important to check fats for _______ _______
quality control
51
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specific formulation of supplements depends on _______ used at feedlot
ingredients
52
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_____________ provide an option to reduce supplement inclusion for ____-ingredients
micro-machines, micro
53
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feedlot diets are formulated to meet or exceed the animal's _______ __________
dietary requirements
54
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minerals can be deficient, adequate, or ______
toxic
55
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two categories of minerals:
macro (major) micro (aka trace)
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macro-minerals
acid-base balance, osmotic pressure regulation, membrane potential, bone/tissue/fluid component
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micro-minerals
constituents of enzymes/cofactors/hormones, regulate metabolic function
58
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important vitamins
A, D, E
59
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cattle typically have a reduced _____ immediately after arrival
DMI
60
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calves will be provided access to _____, usually for __ days after arrival to feedlot
hay, 4
61
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tanks should be cleaned ______ cattle arrive
before
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goal in receiving diets is to get them to eat _______________________ as soon as possible
as much feed
63
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calves are usually offered what % of BW at arrival?
1-1.5%
64
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low-rick calves may need to start at a higher %BW or use more _______ bunk management
aggressive
65
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what kind of hay is preferable for arrival
long-stemmed
66
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starter diets should be added to bunk ________ of hay
on top
67
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too much roughage can ______ performance in receiving period
lower
68
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receiving diets contain a _____ concentration of roughage than grain
higher
69
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forage should make up what % of receiving diet?
30-40%
70
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silage can be used for receiving diet but should be limited to less than _____ than the diet
30%
71
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transitioning too abruptly to finishing can cause
digestive issues, going off feed
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two ways to transition diets
two ration, multiple step up
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two diet transition
mix in bunk, more conservative, usually changed every 2 days
74
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multiple step up diet
total of 4 feeds, more difficult to maintain, less common, useful if feed once a day
75
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protein can help support ______________ and _____________
immune system, muscle growth
76
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crude protein is important particularly in _______ phase
growing
77
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3 types of protein
ruminally degradable protein, non-protein nitrogen, ruminally undegradable protein
78
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_______ first limiting nutrient for feedlot cattle
energy
79
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too much added fat can limit intake/negatively affect ______ digestion
fiber
80
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do not exceed _____ total fat in diets
7%
81
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macro-minerals in feedlot diets
calcium, phosphorus, potassium, salt
82
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receiving cattle diets typically contain ____ trace mineral concentrations
higher
83
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commercial nutritionists typically feed __________ the NRD recommendation of trace minerals
2 to 3 times
84
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trace minerals in feedlot diets
cobalt, copper, iron, iodine, manganese, selenium, zinc
85
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zinc is an important component of what?
immune response
86
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type A feed additive
one or more drugs at high potency, premix for diluting
87
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type B feed additive
medicated feed for further mixing
88
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type C feed additive
not intended for further mixing
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feed additives are highly _____ by the FDA
regulated
90
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ionophores
antibiotic class to improve performance, increase ion transferring ability
91
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ionophores are ______, microbes less efficient and cannot grow
bacteriostatic
92
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ionophores are selective against what kind of bacteria?
gram positive
93
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ionophore effect on rumen:
increased energy metabolism, increased N metabolism, retardation of disorders
94
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melegesterol acetate (MGA)
suppress estrus, decreases energy requirements
95
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tylosin phosphate
VFD required, prevent liver abscesses
96
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cattle intake is one for the biggest drivers of ______ in the feedlot
performance
97
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intake is managed on a ____ basis and feeding is managed on an ____ basis
DM, AF
98
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what cattle will eat is not always what they ______ eat
should
99
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more feed = more ______ = more _____
nutrients, gain
100
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intake impacts _____ _________, ADG, and bottom line
feed conversion
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