D3.2 Inheritance

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27 Terms

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What is a genotype?

The combination of alleles in an organism.

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What are alleles?

Variations of the same gene.

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What does homozygous mean?

A genotype with the same allele.

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What does heterozygous mean?

A genotype with different alleles.

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What is phenotype?

Phenotype refers to observable traits of an organism.

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What defines a dominant allele?

If present in the genotype, it will be expressed and codes for a functional protein.

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What defines a recessive allele?

Will only be expressed if present as homozygous recessive and codes for a malfunctioning protein.

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What is phenotypic plasticity?

The ability of an organism’s phenotype to change according to environmental conditions.

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What causes phenylketonuria?

A recessive allele on chromosome 24 that impairs the body's ability to break down phenylalanine.

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What is a carrier in genetics?

A heterozygous individual that carries an allele for a disease but does not express symptoms.

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What are single-nucleotide polymorphisms?

Variation at a single position in the DNA sequence.

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What is a gene pool?

All the genes of all individuals in a sexually reproducing population.

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What is codominance?

Where two different alleles are both dominant and expressed simultaneously.

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What blood type represents codominance?

Type AB blood

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What is incomplete dominance?

A genetic situation where neither allele is dominant or recessive, resulting in a blended phenotype.

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What determines sex in humans?

The presence of X and Y chromosomes; males are XY, females are XX.

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Characteristics of X chromosomes

Relatively large, centromere near the middle, all humans must have at least one

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Characteristics of Y chromosomes

Smaller, centromere near one end, only present in males

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What is Sex linkage?

A mutation on the sex chromosome that leads to disease

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What is hemophilia?

A sex-linked (X-chromosome) recessive genetic disorder that prevents blood from clotting.

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What is Polygenic Inheritance?

Phenotypes determined by numerous genes (e.g. height, skin color)

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What does segregation mean in genetics?

The separation of alleles of a gene during the formation of gametes.

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What is independent assortment?

The segregation of alleles of two genes, where the outcome of one gene does not affect the other.

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What is a gene locus?

The specific location of a gene on a chromosome.

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What is recombination in genetics?

The process by which new combinations of alleles are formed in offspring.

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What is Gene Linkage?

Genes are physically linked and do not assort independently

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What are Recombinants?

Individual with different combination of alleles/traits from either parent