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What is the difference between the conducting and respiratory portions of the respiratory system?
The conducting portion includes structures that transport air (e.g., nasal cavity, trachea, bronchi), while the respiratory portion includes structures where gas exchange occurs (e.g., alveoli).
What are the three parts of the pharynx and what epithelium lines each?
The three parts of the pharynx are the nasopharynx (ciliated epithelium), oropharynx (stratified squamous epithelium), and laryngopharynx (stratified squamous epithelium).
What are the functions of the three large cartilages that form the larynx?
The three cartilages are the thyroid cartilage (provides structure), cricoid cartilage (provides support and attachment), and epiglottis (prevents food from entering the airway).
How does the coughing reflex protect the glottis/vestibular fold?
The coughing reflex clears the airway by forcibly expelling air, which helps protect the glottis and vestibular folds from obstruction.
What are the two smaller pieces of cartilages that are important for producing sound?
The arytenoid cartilages are important for sound production as they manipulate the tension of the vocal folds.
What factors lead to a high pitch vs. low pitch sound?
A high pitch sound is produced by tighter, more elongated vocal folds, while a low pitch sound is produced by looser, shorter vocal folds.
Why are the cartilages of the trachea 'C-shaped'?
The C-shaped cartilages provide structure and support to the trachea while allowing for flexibility and the ability to expand the esophagus during swallowing.
What are the primary, secondary, and tertiary bronchi?
The primary bronchi branch off from the trachea, secondary bronchi branch into each lobe of the lungs, and tertiary bronchi further divide into smaller bronchi within each lobe.
How does sympathetic activation affect the bronchi?
Sympathetic activation causes bronchodilation, which widens the airways and facilitates increased airflow.
What are the three types of cells that make up the alveoli?
The three types of alveolar cells are type I alveolar cells (structural function), type II alveolar cells (produce surfactant), and macrophages (remove pathogens and debris).
What is Boyle's Law and how does it relate to pulmonary ventilation?
Boyle's Law states that pressure and volume are inversely related; as the volume of the thoracic cavity increases during inhalation, the intrapulmonary pressure decreases, allowing air to flow in.
What is the difference between eupnea and hyperpnea?
Eupnea is normal, resting breathing, while hyperpnea is increased breathing rate or depth usually associated with exercise or metabolic demand.
What is intrapulmonary pressure and how does its value change during breathing cycles?
Intrapulmonary pressure is the pressure within the lungs; it decreases during inhalation and increases during exhalation.
What are Dalton's law and Henry's law?
Dalton's law states that the total pressure of a gas mixture is the sum of the partial pressures of individual gases; Henry's law states that the amount of gas that dissolves in a liquid is proportional to its partial pressure.
How does pressure of oxygen affect hemoglobin saturation?
Higher oxygen pressure increases hemoglobin saturation; the relationship is not linear, meaning that a significant increase in partial pressure results in diminishing returns on saturation.
What is the Bohr effect?
The Bohr effect refers to the phenomenon where increased CO2 and lower pH (more acidic) promote the release of oxygen from hemoglobin.
What are the three ways CO2 is transported in the blood?
CO2 is transported as bicarbonate ions (about 70%), bound to hemoglobin (about 20%), and dissolved in plasma (about 7%).
What happens to the respiratory system during hypercapnia?
Hypercapnia leads to increased CO2 levels, stimulating chemoreceptors to increase respiratory rate and depth to expel excess CO2.
What are the Hering-Breuer reflexes?
The Hering-Breuer reflexes are protective reflexes that prevent over-inflation of the lungs by inhibiting further inspiration.
What conditions are associated with the respiratory chapter?
Conditions include laryngitis, acute epiglottitis, bronchitis, asthma, respiratory distress syndrome, pneumonia, pleurisy, pneumothorax, atelectasis, hypoxia, anoxia, emphysema, apnea, eupnea, and hyperpnea.
