Ch. 1 Study Outline Textbook

Anatomy

The study of internal and external structures and the physical relationships between body parts; specific anatomical structures perform specific functions

Microscopic anatomy

• considers structures that can’t be seen without magnification

• Boundaries are established by the limitations of the equipment used

Cytology

The study of the internal structure of individual cells, the smallest units of life

Histology

Examines tissues

Tissues

Groups of cells that work together to perform specific functions

organs

anatomical units with multiple functions

organ system

a group of organs that function together

Gross (macroscopic) anatomy

The study of the structural features of the human body without the air of a microscope

• approaches: surface anatomy, regional anatomy, systemic anatomy

surface anatomy

the study of general form, or morphology, and superficial anatomical markings

regional anatomy

• considers all superficial and internal features in a specific area of the body, such as the head, neck or trunk

• emphasizes the spatial relationships among structures

systemic anatomy

considers the structure of major organ systems, such as the skeletal or muscular systems

developmental anatomy

examines the changes in form that occur between conception and physical maturity

embryology

study of the processes that occur during the first two months of development

comparative anatomy

considers the similarities and relationships in anatomical organization of different animals

clinical anatomy

anatomical features that undergo characteristic changes during illness

surgical anatomy

lankmarks important for surgical procedures

radiographic anatomy

anatomical structures that are visualized by specialized procedures performed on an intact body

cross-sectional anatomy

levels of organization

cell —> tissue —> organ —> organ system —> organism

Characteristics of Life

1. order

2. sensitivity or response to stimuli

3. reproduction

4. growth and development

5. regulation

6. homeostasis

7. energy processing

responsiveness (Characteristics of Life)

a change activity based upon a stimulus

• ex: jerking hand away from stove

adaptability (Characteristics of Life)

long term responsiveness

growth (Characteristics of Life)

increase in size of an organism

differentation (Characteristics of Life)

becoming specialized to perform particular functions

• ex: anatomical proportions and physiological capabilities of adult vs infants

reproduction (Characteristics of Life)

production of new generations of the same organism

movement (Characteristics of Life)

ability to change position of something

metabolism (Characteristics of Life)

ALL chemical reactions in the body

absorption

process of bringing chemicals into body

respiration

absorption, transportation, & use of oxygen by cells

excretion

removal of wastes

digestion

processes of catabolism that makes nutrients small enough to be absorbed

anabolism

bonding of chemicals

catabolism

breaking of chemical bonds

anatomical position

legs together, feet flat on the floor

hands at sides and palms face forward

supine

face up

prone

face down

frontal place/coronal plane

anterior vs posterior

sagittal plane

right versus left sides

transverse plane

superior vs inferior

serial reconstruction

a technique used to transform a stack of physical or digital 2D tissue slices into a detailed, three-dimensional (3D) digital model

body cavities

protect delicate organs and permit changes in the size and shape of visceral organs

ventral body cavity/coelon

surrounds organs of the respiratory, cardiovascular, digestive, urinary, and reproductive systems

diaphragm

divides the ventral body cavity into the superior thoracic and inferior abdominopelvic cavities

abdominal cavity

extends from the inferior surface of the diaphragm to an imaginary line drawn from the inferior surface of the most inferior spinal vertebra to the anterior and superior margin of the ventral body cavity

pleural cavity

the thin, fluid-filled potential space between the two layers of membrane that surround each lung

pleura

membrane lining the pleural cavities

membrane lining the pericardial cavity

pericardium