APUSH AMSCO Unit 4 (1800 - 1848)

Election of 1800

Federalists lost control

Jefferson won vs. Adams

Kentucky/Virginia Resolutions vs. Alien/Sedition

Both wanted tariffs (more in North)

Revolution of 1800 - Peaceful switch of control

Jefferson Presidency

Kept national bank(for federalists)

Limit central government

less military

Less government jobs

Low whiskey tax

Lowered national debt

Got rid of/pardoned Alien/Sedition

Louisiana Purchase

1803

Napoleon Bonepart took the territory from France in 1800

Then sold it to U.S. along with New Orleans

Jefferson(constitutionalist) made unconstitutional purchase(Hamilton) because of manifest destiny and agriculturalist

New Orleans

Spain closed the New Orleans port from Americans even though Pinckney Treaty(1797)

U.S. bought New Orleans from France

Then France gave all of Louisiana Territory

Louis and Clark

1804 - 1806

Went through Louisiana Purchase to Pacific Ocean for

Exploration

Science

Relations with Natives

Judge Impeachment

Jefferson Congress impeached Federalist Judges, some kicked out

Federalist judges more cautious

Jefferson Relection

1804

Sweep

Split Democrats for Burr/Jefferson

Democrats didn’t nominate Burr —> Dueled Hamilton, became Federalist, tried to secede New Engalnd from U.S., tried to rule Mexico —> trial for treason (failed) 1806

Marbury v. Madison

1803

Adams appointed judges last minute, didn’t complete

Marbury sued after Jefferson blocked appointments

Madison was under Jefferson

Judiciary Act - Marbury should keep job

Marshall, though federalist, said Judiciary Act was unconstitutional

Established judicial review with Federalist sacrifice

Fletcher v. Peck

1810

Marshall nullified state law

State can’t inalidate land contract

McCulloch v. Maryland

1819

Marshall

State can’t tax Federal institution(Second Bank of the U.S.)

Constitution implied national bank

Gibbons v. Ogden

1821

Marshall

State can’t give monopoly to company

Election of 1808

Madison(Jefferson support)(won) vs. Pinckney

The Era of Good Feelings / Monroe Presidency

1816

No Federalists

After war (higher nationalism)

Landslide election

Tariff of 1816

1816

During war there was more manufacturing, more tariffs

To protect industry from war

American System

After 1816

Henry Clay

1. Tariffs

2. National Bank

3. Internal improvements eg. transportation

Madison/Jefferson vetoed/rejected canals/roads

Panic of 1819

1819

Second Bank tried to control inflation by raising interest/making loans harder

State banks closed

Debtors jailed

Hit West the hardest

Overspeculation

Election of 1820

Panic of 1819 destroyed Federalists

Some Democrats for some Federalist policy

Democrats split

Monroe re-elected

Election 1824

4 different Democrat nominations

Westward Movement

1810s-1820s

Acquire land

Military victories

Northeast economic struggle (war pressure)

Tobacco destroyed South

Roads/canals made easier movement

Immigrants want west land

West population increased significantly

Far West

Want

Low interest rates and loans to develop area

Cheap land

Better transportation

South went west of Mississippi because of land demand

Missouri Compromise

1820

North didn’t want Missouri to be slave state

Tallmadge Amendment proposed to ban further slavery into Missouri

Clay’s Proposal(success)

1. Missouri is slave state

2. Maine free state

3. 36º30’ divider (Missouri lower border)

Jefferson Foreign Policy

Barbary Pirates - Tripoli government demand even more tribute to stop piracy, navy fought in Mediterranean(not decisive), increased U.S. respect

Chesapeake-Leopard Affair 1807 - Britain fired on U.S. ship, Jefferson diplomacy (not war)

Embargo Act

Embargo Act

1807 - 1809

Revenge for British/France violate U.S. neutrality(impressment, Chesapeake-Leopard)

Closed U.S. exports

British had substitutes for U.S. trade

U.S. economy devastated (merchants, shipbuilding)

Repealed

Madison Foreign Policy

Nonintercourse Act 1809 - can trade with all but Britain/France

Macon’s Bill 1810 - trade with Britain/France but neutral

Napolean continued to seize U.S. ships

War of 1812

War of 1812

1812

France/Britain were attacking/impressing ships

Americans want British Canada land, Spanish Florida, Native Allies land, but British posts/forts in their way

British stopped navy blockade just before war

Some weren’t worried about impressment

Election of 1812

1812

Madison re-elected vs. De Witt Clinton(Federalist)

Battle of Tippecanoe

1811

War of 1812

Tecumseh/Tenskwatawa(Prophet) united Natives at frontier, William Harrison destroyed Shawnees(helped a little by British)

1810 elections / War Hawks

War of 1812

Democratic-Republicans

Clay, John Calhoun

Rid Natives

Get Canada

Canada Invasion

1812

War of 1812

U.S. attacked Canada

British retaliated

Navy Battles

War of 1812

Constitution ship defeated British ship

British blockaded U.S. coast and crippled economy

1813 Oliver Perry won(U.S.)

U.S. won Battle of Thames

Champlain lake British defeat 1814

Tecumseh killed by U.S.

British March on DC

War of 1812

After Napolean died

Burned White House

Fort McHenry pushed back Britain from Baltimore

Battle of Horseshoe Bend

1814

War of 1812

Andrew Jackson defeated Native Americans(Creek) and British

No more Native threat for war/settling

Battle of New Orleans

1815

War of 1812

War was over, didn’t get news in time

Jackson fought back Britain from New Orleans

Treaty of Ghent

1815

War of 1812

Britain tired of fighting

Madison didn’t think U.S. would win

Ghent, Belgium

Return boundaries to pre-war

Stalemate

The Hartford Convention

1814

War of 1812

New England considering seceding

Want 2/3 majority for war declaration

Didn’t want war

War of 1812 Outcomes

After 1815

U.S. respect

U.S. stopped wanting Canada

Federalism ended with anti-patriot talk

secesion talk influenced later South

No help for Natives from Britain

Blockade led to more self-sufficient economy

Nationalism grew

War heros - Jackson, Harrison

Monroe Barbary Pirates

1815

Demanded easy trade

Rush-Bagot Agreement

War of 1812

1817

Limited navies on Great Lakes

Treaty of 1818

War of 1812

1818

Share fishing rights on Newfoundland

49th parallel Canada-U.S.

Florida Purchase Treaty

1819

War of 1812

Jackson - Spain kicked out of Florida because Natives(Seminoles), slaves, and outlaws were raiding U.S. border

Spain then sold Florida and Oregon Territory holdings

Adams-Onís Treaty

1819

War of 1812

Texas would be left to Spain after war

Monroe Doctrine

1823

Monarchies restored in Europe after Napolean died, democracies harassed

They wanted Spain to keep South America control so they started meddling around North America

Monroe declared that Americas was U.S. sphere of influence only

Britain also wanted in on this declaration, and many except Quincey agreed

Quincey convinced Monroe to make the doctrine(against ALL Europe)

No Europe colonization

Angered Europe monarchies but didn’t have much impact until later (eg. Polk)

Market Revolution

Jefferson agriculture vision overturned by industrial revolution

Internal improvements

Economy boost

Specialized large farms (less subsistence)

City growth

Regional interconnection

Urbanization

Women jobs - teaching, domestic

Old Northwest

Got more tied to North

Canals/railroads build

Corn/wheat

Industrial Revolution

1790 - 1914

Steel plow - John Deere

Mechanical Reaper - Cyrus McCormick

Roads

Canals

Railroads

States rights/people didn’t like some federal influence

Steam engines/boat - Robert Fulton(boat), factories don’t need to be on river (coal instead)

Rifles - Eli Whitney

Also triggered by need for independent manufacturing (war of 1812)

Cumberland Road

1811 - 1850s

Federal/state

Maryland to Illinois

Erie Canal

1817 - 1825

Albany to Buffalo NY

Steam engines/boat

1807

Could go up stream

Robert Fulton(boat)

Factories don’t need to be on river (coal instead)

Railroads

1830s

transport(resources, people, and information) to small towns —> population growth in those areas —> Northwest cites

Telegraph

1844

Electricity Information

Industry Value Surpassed Agriculture

Around 1850

Jefferson vision destroyed

Patent laws needed

Time of invention

Samuel Slater

1791

Memorized textile factory and built in U.S., started industrial revolution

Lowell Mills

1790s

Women/children/immigrants labor to fulfill labor need

unions started to organize

Long hours, low pay

State laws try to outlaw unions

Unions weak because of unemployment and depression

Comercial Agriculture

Much larger food farms

Less subsistence

Cash crops

Specialized fields

Cheaper government money borrow for land

Transportation made farming/selling/market access easier

Cotton Kingdom Growth

Technology(Cotton gin)

Need more land and labor

Drive for enslavement

Tobacco less profitable

Cult of Domesicity

Women house control

Less arranged marriage

Less kids

Social Mobility

Increased with market revolution

Movement between classes

But class wealth gap increased

Population Explosion

1800 - 1860

Doubled twice

Birth rates increased

Immigration skyrocketed 1830s - 1860s:

Transportation cheaper

Famine

U.S. democracy reputation

Most went North or West

Irish Potato Famine

1845

Immigration

Cheap labor

Consumers

Cities

Had slums

Cleveland

Detroit

Chicago

Cincinnati

Increased factories: bad conditions led to unions

Commonwealth v. Hunt

1842

Legalized unions

Peaceful workers can organize/negotiate

Later 10 hour law became more common

Democracy

Equality for white men(not European)

Self-made man

Less class division than Europe

Government participation 1820s-1840s

Universal white men suffrage early 1800s especially in the West

Primaries organized

Parties expanded as campaigns needed to be more widespread (more voters)

Whigs and Democrats

Ended Era of Good Feelings

Democratic Republicans split with election of 1824 (Jackson) and half merged into Whigs

Whigs(like Federalists):

For government spending/internal improvements

National Bank

Anti Immigrants (crime)

North and Wealthy South

Tariffs for North industry

Democrats:

Anti-BUS

Anti-Tariffs

Anti-Internal Improvements

Cheaper Land

Anti-monopoly

Urban workers and South/West farmers

Spoil System

New presidents would fire everyone not in their party

Be loyal = get job

Election of 1824

Jackson vs. Quincy Adams(won) vs. William Crawford vs. Henry Clay

Clay gave support to Adams after stalemate election

Adams won even though Jackson got most votes

Quincy Presidency

1824

Federal money on internal improvements / help buisiness/corperate / university funding

Election of 1828

1828

Jackson and Quincy attacked each other by character

Jackson used anger toward federal spending by Quincy

Quincy spread rumors about Jackson’s wife

Jackson became a symbol of common man and had the honor of Battle of New Orleans

Self-made

Jacksonian Era / Era of Common Man began

Martin Van Buren vice after Calhoun resigned because of Peggy Eaton incident

Peggy Eaton

Wife of Jacksonian Secretary of War

Rumors spread about her

Jackson defended her

Cabinet wives wouldn’t be around her —> Calhoun resigned

Indian Removal Act

1830

Forced resettlement of Natives to west of Mississippi

1836 Bureau of Indian Affairs

Cherokee Nation v. Georgia

1831

Cherokees not a foreign nation and can sue in federal court

Woecester v. Georgia

1832

Georgia laws don’t have force in Cherokee territory

Win for Natives but Georgia ignored it and Jackson refused to enforce it

Led to Trail of Tears

Trail of Tears

1838

After Jackson left the military forced Natives to leave / killed them

South to Indian Territory (Oklahoma territory)

Died of disease

Nullification Crisis

1828

South Carolina declared Tariff of Abominations(1828)(and Tariff of 1832) unconstitutional

Apparently each state could decide to listen to federal law

Daniel Webster (against nullification) vs. Robert Hayne

Calhoun vice for nullification and union

Jackson for union and against nullification

South Carolina forbade tariffs

Jackson prepared military and made Force Bill

Compromise - tariff lowered and nullification threat decreased

Tariff of Abominations

1828

Foreign manufactured goods tax to support North industry

South Carolina tried to nullify it

Force Act

1832

Jackson declared he could use military against South Carolina nullify

Jackson 1828 Presidency

1828

Indian Removal Act

Presidential power - Removal, Worcester v. Georgia response

For slavery

Thought BUS was unconstitutional

Against nullification

States rights

Jackson 1832 Presidency

Anti-BUS —> Pet banks

Bank of the U.S.

Most people were suspicious with it

Clay for it

Jackson against it

Jackson(1832) transferred all BUS money to pet banks

Election of 1832

Jackson(won) vs. Clay(for BUS)

Democrat vs. Whig(new)

Specie Cicular

1836

West speculation led to land price increase/inflation —> Jackson want silver/gold for federal land —> less land bought —> Panic of 1837

Panic of 1837

Caused by Jacksonian policies eg. specie circular

Election of 1836

Van Buren(Jackson)(won) vs. Whig candidates

Election of 1840

Harrison(John Tyler) vs. Van Buren

Whigs blamed laissez-faire Democrats/Jackson for panic

Whig leverage and war hero Harrison(“self-made”)

Harrison died then Tyler did Democratic policies

Horse

1500s

From the Spanish

Nomadic tribes hunted and moved away from U.S. easier

View of the West

Rough life with new opportunity

Self-made

Women everything domestic, short lifespan

Subsistence

Exhaust soil

Beaver/Buffalo almost extinct

Mountain Men

American Identity

1800s

Romanticism: Art with less Enlightenment, transcendentalism

Cultural Nationalism:

Different from Britain

American identity

Schools taught patriotism

Transcendentalism

Early-Mid 1800s

Ralph Waldo Emerson

Henry David Thoreau

Independent thinking

Anti-capitalism

Anti-church

Intuitive reasoning

Artistic expression/nature over wealth

Look for god in nature

Abolitionist

American culture

Anti-war

Civil disobedience

Utopia, escapism

Romatiscism

1820 - 1865

Art more about feelings

Less emphasis on science/Enlightenment

No necessarily religious

Shakers

Utopian society

Alternate communities of Transcendentalism

No marriage/sex

Oneida

1847 Chased from Vermont (avoid adultery)

John Humphrey Noyes

Utopian Society

Share partners

Multiple partners

Second Great Awakening

Late 1700s - Mid 1800s

Revivalism

Individual

Less formal

More emotional/expressive

Anti-greed/consumerism

Timothy Dwight

Still repent your sins

Charles Finney use fear of hell/emotion for revival

Baptist/Methodist preachers

More denomination

Seventh-Day Adventists

Latter-Day Saints (Mormon) - Book of Mormon, Joseph Smith

Age of Reform

Temperance (Society)

Women rights

Anti-slavery

Asylum treatment

Public schools

American Temperance Society / Women's Christian Temperance Union

Reform

American - 1826

Washingtonians - alcohol is a disease

Immigrants didn’t like it

Some states prohibited alcohol

Companies like temperance

Women’s - 1870s for 18th Amendment(1919), very religious

Mental Hospitals / Prisons

Reform

Dorothea Dix

Stop inhumane treatment of the insane

Public funding

Curing

Make prisons more humane - often very religious(teaching), intolerant

Blind/deaf treatment

Public Education

Free public schools for all

Horace Mann push for school attendance law, longer school year, better teachers, religious

Higher education - colleges(often religious)

Women Reform

City movement

Family size reduction

People got money —> women free time for organizations

Home(Cult of Domesticity) - morals, teaching, aid

Women want rights(writers) - political welcomeness

Seneca Falls Convention / Declaration of Sentiments

1848

Elizabeth Stanton, Susan B. Anthony

Voting, legal, property

Re-wrote declaration of independence to include women

American Colonization Society

1817

Free slaves and move them to Africa

American Antislavery Society

1831

William Lloyd Garrison:

Very radical

Abolish without compensation

Liberator

Condemned Constitution

Liberty Party

Abolitionists for political action, not moral crusade

Anti-Garrison political party