Life Science Study Notes

Flashcards about the chemistry of life, cell structure and cell division, based on lecture notes.

What forms all living things?

Multicellular or unicellular

What happens when cells grow and develop?

Increase of cells in size or number.

What must be maintained through metabolic processes?

Homeostasis

How do organisms react to stimuli?

Moving away or towards the stimulus.

What are the two types of reproduction?

Sexual or asexual.

What is the biological hierarchy in order?

Atoms, Molecules, Organelles, Cells, Tissues, Organs, Organ system, Organism

What is the origin of organic compounds?

Living organisms.

What type of atoms do organic compounds contain?

Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen and/or Phosphorus (H, O, N, P)

What is the origin of inorganic compounds?

Do not have a living origin.

What percentage of the human body is made of water?

70%

What process is water the source of oxygen?

Photosynthesis

What type of bonds do water molecules form with one another?

Hydrogen bonds

What is the term used for substances that react readily with water?

Hydrophilic

What are the two types of minerals?

Macronutrients and Micronutrients.

What functions better in basic mediums?

Enzymes

What is the nature of cell contents?

Neutral to slightly basic

What is the Blood pH level?

7.4

What are the examples of carbohydrates?

Sugar, Starch, and Cellulose

What are the building blocks of carbohydrates?

Simple sugars (Monosaccharide)

What are the pentose sugars found in DNA and RNA?

Ribose and deoxyribose

What is the most common hexose sugar?

Glucose

What three disaccharides are mentioned.

Glucose + glucose = maltose, Glucose + fructose = sucrose, Glucose + galactose = lactose

What are the most common polysaccharides?

Starch, glycogen, and cellulose

What structural polysaccharide in plants, gives strength and support to the cell wall?

Cellulose

What are building blocks of fats and oils (lipids)?

Glycerol and fatty acids

Where are fats stored?

Under the skin

What are the monomers of proteins?

Amino acids

What role does the cell membrane play regarding protein?

Structural role

What is an example of proteins that play a role in transport?

All enzymes

What affects amino acids and proteins?

Heat & pH

What are enzymes known as?

Biological catalysts

What do enzyme molecules have?

Active sites

What is the protein part of an enzyme known as?

Apo-enzyme

What is the non-protein part (the prosthetic group) of an enzyme known as?

Co-factor

What are co-enzymes?

Vitamins

What is living matter known as?

Protoplasm

What are the contents of a cell?

Nucleus, Cytoplasm, Cell membrane

What are examples of inorganic compounds inside of a cell?

Water, Gases, and Mineral salts

What does the cell wall consist of?

Cellulose fibres

What are fibres permeated with in primary cell walls?

Pectin

What are fibres permeated with in secondary cell walls?

Lignin

What are the thin, cytoplasmic threads, that reach throughout the cell wall called?

Plasmodesmata

What are the gaps in plant cells that occur in secondary cell walls?

Pits

What encloses the cell?

Cell membrane

What important role does the cell membrane posses?

Protective role

What type of membrane surrounds the nuclei?

Differentially permeable

What is the power house of the cell?

Mitochondrion

What is the fluid-filled cavity in the groundplasm called?

Vacuole

What is the membrane surrounding a vacuole called?

Tonoplast

What cells Differentiate?

Mergismeric cells in plants, stem cells in animals,

What are the phases of cell division?

Interphase and Division phase

How do cells increase?

Mitosis

What are the stages of Mitosis?

Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, and Telophase

What is a mutation?

Random mistake