protestant reformation

why were some people critical of the catholic church before the protestant reformation?

corruption (simony, nepotism), sale of indulgences, lavish lifestyles of clergy, poor education of priests, and belief that the church had strayed from true christian teachings

how did the printing press impact the onset of the reformation?

spread ideas quickly, allowed mass production of bibles/pamphlets, helped reformers bypass church control, and increased literacy

why did luther attack and break with the catholic church?

opposed indulgences and corruption, believed salvation came from faith alone, and rejected the pope's authority

what were luther's key teachings?

justification by faith alone, bible as sole authority, priesthood of all believers; rejected most sacraments except baptism + communion

how was lutheranism different from the catholic church?

no pope, faith—not works—saves, services centered on scripture, fewer sacraments, clergy could marry

why did henry viii break with the catholic church? how was his break different from luther's?

he wanted an annulment; break was political, not theological. he remained largely catholic in belief but placed himself at the head of the church of england

what did john calvin teach?

predestination, god's absolute sovereignty, strict moral discipline, and formation of a theocracy in geneva

what role did zwingli play in the reformation?

swiss reformer; rejected catholic rituals, emphasized scripture; disagreed with luther on the eucharist; killed in battle

why were the anabaptists considered "radicals"?

rejected infant baptism, believed in adult baptism, separation of church/state, pacifism; challenged political + religious authority

how was the catholic church affected by the reformation?

lost authority, lost territory in northern europe, forced to reform abuses, and strengthened internal discipline

how did the catholic church respond to the protestant reformation?

launched counter-reformation: council of trent reforms, jesuits, inquisitions, index of forbidden books

what were the effects/legacy of the reformation?

religious fragmentation, rise of protestant denominations, decreased papal power, religious wars, growth of literacy, emphasis on individual scripture reading

where was the reformation most successful? least?

most: northern germany, scandinavia, switzerland, netherlands, scotland. least: spain, italy, ireland, and much of france (catholic strongholds)

where did major events begin? renaissance / reformation

renaissance began in italy (florence). reformation began in wittenberg, germany

luther / 95 theses / justification by faith

luther condemned indulgences in the 95 theses; taught salvation comes by faith alone, not works

charles v & the edict of worms

holy roman emperor who declared luther an outlaw at the diet of worms, banning his writings

indulgences / johann tetzel

indulgences were pardons sold by the church; tetzel was the preacher whose sales triggered luther's protest

zwingli

swiss reformer who emphasized scripture and rejected catholic rituals; killed in religious conflict

calvin & predestination

calvin taught that god has already chosen the saved; emphasized strict morality and discipline

frederick of saxony (the wise)

german prince who protected luther after the diet of worms, allowing lutheranism to survive

henry viii & church of england / act of supremacy / thomas more

henry created the church of england to secure an annulment; act of supremacy made him head of church; thomas more refused to accept it and was executed

catherine of aragon

henry viii's first wife; marriage's annulment dispute sparked england's break from rome

anne boleyn

henry viii's second wife; mother of elizabeth i; executed after being accused of treason

jane seymour

henry's third wife; mother of edward vi; died shortly after childbirth

mary tudor

daughter of catherine; catholic queen who tried to restore catholicism in england ("bloody mary")

elizabeth tudor

daughter of anne; established the moderate anglican church; long and stable reign

edward tudor

son of jane seymour; protestant king whose advisors pushed further reforms

the catholic/counter-reformation - pope paul iii

leader who launched reforms, approved jesuits, and called the council of trent

reforms/reaffirmations of the council of trent - pope paul iii

ended abuses, improved clergy education; reaffirmed catholic doctrines (faith + works, 7 sacraments, papal authority)

loyola & the jesuits

ignatius of loyola founded the jesuits; emphasized education, missionary work, and loyalty to the pope

the anabaptists

radical reformers favoring adult baptism, religious tolerance, pacifism, and separation of church and state

john knox & presbyterianism

scottish reformer who brought calvinism to scotland; created presbyterian church structure

peace of augsburg / effects

1555 agreement letting german princes choose lutheranism or catholicism; ended major conflict but not division

index of forbidden books

list of banned writings to stop the spread of protestant and "heretical" ideas

council / "diet" of worms

1521 meeting where luther refused to recant and was declared an outlaw

jews / ghettos / anti-semitism

jews were segregated into ghettos; anti-semitism increased during religious tensions

erasmus

christian humanist who called for reform of church corruption but stayed catholic; wrote "in praise of folly"

hus

czech reformer who criticized church corruption; burned at the stake; precursor to luther

wycliffe

english reformer; promoted bible in vernacular and criticized papal power; early challenger to church authority

babylonian captivity / great schism

period of papal exile in avignon + later division with multiple popes; weakened church authority and credibility