Introduction to NFRH

What are general functions of the renal system?

• produce and expel urine

• Regulate the volume and composition of the extracellular fluid

• Production of hormones

• Gluconeogenesis

What does the ureter do?

• transports urine from the renal pelvis to the bladder

Where are detrusor muscles?

What do detrusor muscles do?

• surround the bladder and are smooth muscle

• They remain relaxed to store urine in the bladder, and contract to expel urine from urethra

What urethral sphincter is striated?

Why is it good that this sphincter is striated?

• the external urethra sphincter is striated

• Allows for voluntary control so you don’t piss yourself

What is micturition?

• peeing

What is the whole point of the sodium potassium pump?

• to keep Na levels low intracellularly and keep K levels high intracellularly

• Establishes a membrane potential

What is the difference between cotransport and countertransport?

• cotransport = symposium (when solutes move in same directions)

• Countertransport = antiport (when solutes move in opposite directions)

What is osmosis mediated by?

• aquaporins (membrane proteins)

What is Glissons Capsule?

• connective tissue that surrounds the liver, binding the liver

Where is the liver located?

• located under the diaphragm, within the rib cage in the upper right quadrant of the abdomen

What does the hepatic artery supply to the liver?

• oxygen rich, nutrient poor blood to the liver

What does the hepatic portal vein supply to the liver?

• oxygen poor, nutrient rich blood to the liver

What are glandular functions of the liver?

• both an endocrine and exocrine gland.

• Endocrine = secretes into circulation

• Exocrine = secretes via a duct into the gut

What are endocrine functions of the liver (hormones secreted?)

• insulin-like growth factor (regulates cell growth and development)

• Angiotensinogen (vasoconstriction and release of aldosterone = increased Na absorption)

• Thrombopoietin (stimulates megakaryocytes to produce platelets)

• Hepcidin (inhibits intestinal iron absorption and release by macrophages

What are exocrine functions of the liver?

• bile, 600-1000ml produced a day

• Stored in the gallbladder

• Yellow-green in colour

• Alkaline

What is the composition of bile?

• bile salts

• Phospholipids

• Bile pigments (bilirubin - orange/yellow)

• Electrolytes

What does bilirubin oxidise to become?

• biliverdin

What are metabolic functions of the liver?

• glycogenesis, glycogenolysis, gluconeogenesis

• Oxidises triglycerides

• Synthesises lipoproteins, fatty acids, triglycerides, cholesterol and phospholipids

What does liver synthesise ammonia to?

• Synthesis of urea from toxic ammonia

What things does the liver store?

• glycogen, iron, fat soluble vitamins A,D,E and K and water soluble B12

What does the liver excrete?

• waste products from red blood cells via bile (bilirubin toxic waste product from haemogloblin)

• Cholesterol, hormones and drugs

How does renal system regulate volume and composition of extracellular fluid?

• controls pH

• controls blood volume and blood pressure

• controls ion balance

• controls osmolality