The Progressive Era and World War I Review

Flashcards covering key political, social, and economic developments of the Progressive Era and America's involvement in World War I.

What was the main goal of the Progressive Movement between 1890 and 1920?

To expand the role of government to improve social welfare by fighting against corruption, horrible working conditions, and unfair wage gaps.

What racial flaws existed within the Progressive Movement?

WASP Progressives tended to ignore racial inequality, and Progressive presidents such as Theodore Roosevelt and Woodrow Wilson were White Supremacists.

How did Mugwumps and Socialists contribute to the Progressive Movement?

Mugwumps promoted the ideal of "Honest Government," while Socialists focused on closing the wage gap through progressive taxation, influencing radical progressives.

Who were three famous muckraking journalists of the Progressive Age?

Ida Tarbell, Jacob Riis, and Lincoln Steffens.

What was the Social Gospel concept in Progressive religious activism?

The belief that Christians and Jews had an obligation to help the poor.

What organization was created in 1869 to promote women's suffrage, and who founded it?

The National Woman Suffrage Association (NWSA), created by Susan B. Anthony, Elizabeth Cady Stanton, and Lucretia Mott.

What organization was created in 1911 to oppose women's suffrage, and who founded it?

The National Association Opposed to Woman Suffrage (NAOWS), created by Josephine Dodge.

How much did employment of women outside the home increase between 1880 and 1910?

It tripled from 2.6 million to 7.8 million.

How did the 17th Amendment reform the election of U.S. Senators in 1913?

It provided for the direct election of senators by the people, replacing election by state congresses.

What were four major political reforms introduced during the Progressive Era to increase democratic participation?

Direct Primaries (party members choose candidates), Recalls (voters remove corrupt elected officials), Initiatives (citizens petition to put laws on ballots), and Referendums (citizens vote directly on laws).

What organization was formed in 1874 to campaign against alcoholism, and who led it?

The Women's Christian Temperance Union (WCTU), led by Frances Willard.

Which amendment banned the manufacturing and sale of alcohol, and when was it ratified?

The 18th Amendment, ratified by Congress in 1919.

What 1911 industrial disaster in New York City resulted in city and state labor regulations?

The Triangle Shirtwaist Factory Fire at the Asch Building, where 146 factory workers died.

What efforts were made by Florence Kelly to reform women's and child labor?

She convinced state governments to limit working hours for women (especially pregnant women) and helped found the Child Labor Committee in 1904 to push for laws prohibiting child labor.

What did Theodore Roosevelt mean by the concept of "The Bully Pulpit"?

That the president's voice and opinions should be dominant and persuasive in creating policies and guiding the nation.

What were the "Three Cs" of Theodore Roosevelt's Square Deal?

Control of corporations, enhanced conservation of nature, and increased regulations to protect consumers.

Which major transportation monopoly did Theodore Roosevelt dismantle in 1902?

J.P. Morgan's Northern Securities Company.

What power did the Hepburn Act of 1906 grant to the Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC)?

The power to set maximum freight rates.

Which 1906 book exposed unsanitary conditions in meatpacking factories, and what two laws resulted from it?

The Jungle by Upton Sinclair; it led to the passage of the Meat Inspection Act (1906) and the Pure Food and Drug Act (1906).

What were Theodore Roosevelt's key environmental conservation achievements?

He created 50 federal wildlife refuges, 5 new national parks, 51 bird sanctuaries, 18 national monuments, 45 national forests, and set aside 243 million acres of land.

Who were the candidates in the presidential election of 1908, and what was the outcome?

Republican William H. Taft defeated Democrat William Jennings Bryan by an electoral vote of 321 to 162.

What was Taft's foreign policy called, and what was its objective?

"Dollar Diplomacy" (1909), which encouraged American banks and businesses to invest in foreign nations.

What major oil monopoly did President Taft dismantle in 1911?

The Standard Oil Company.

What caused the feud between Theodore Roosevelt and William Howard Taft?

Taft was a Conservative Republican while Roosevelt was a Progressive; the feud escalated when Taft unprotected 3 million acres of land Roosevelt had designated as nature preserves.

Why was the Progressive Party created in 1912, and why did it crumble?

Theodore Roosevelt created it after failing to win the Republican nomination; it crumbled due to hypocritical race relations.

What were the electoral vote results of the 1912 presidential election?

Woodrow Wilson won with 435 electoral votes, Theodore Roosevelt received 88, and William Howard Taft received 8.

What economic legislative reforms were passed in 1913 under Woodrow Wilson?

The Underwood-Simmons Tariff Act (lowered tariffs on 1,000 products), the 16th Amendment (authorized income tax collection), and the Federal Reserve Act (created a national banking system).

What federal agency was created under Woodrow Wilson to destroy monopolies and restore competition?

The Federal Trade Commission (FTC).

Which suffragist leader organized the Silent Sentinels to protest outside the White House?

Alice Paul.

Which nations comprised the Allied Powers and Central Powers at the start of World War I?

Allied Powers: Britain, France, and the Russian Empire. Central Powers: Germany, Austria-Hungary, Bulgaria, and the Ottoman Empire.

What event triggered the outbreak of World War I in 1914?

The assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand (heir to the Austria-Hungary Empire) by Serbian nationalist Gavrilo Princip.

How much money did American businesses loan to the Allies before the U.S. officially entered World War I?

$2 billion.

What two events provoked the United States into entering World War I?

The sinking of the Lusitania in 1915 by German U-boats (killing 128 Americans) and the Zimmerman Telegram (offering a German alliance to Mexico).

What was the Great Migration during 1915–1916?

The movement of hundreds of thousands of African Americans from the South to work in wartime industrial jobs in the North.

Which federal laws restricted opposition to World War I, and what landmark Supreme Court case resulted from them?

The Espionage and Sedition Acts of 1917–1918, which led to Schenck v. United States (1919).

What campaign poster urged citizens to grow their own food with the slogan "Every Garden a Munition Plant"?

"Sow the seeds of Victory!" produced by the National War Garden Commission under President Charles Lathrop Pack.

What was Woodrow Wilson's peace outline presented in 1918, and what international organization did it call for?

The Fourteen Points, which called for creating small ethnic states in Europe and establishing the League of Nations to maintain world peace.

Why did the U.S. Senate reject the Treaty of Versailles in 1920?

Senators feared that joining the League of Nations would force the United States into future foreign wars.

What did the 19th Amendment accomplish in 1920, and what exception remained?

It granted women the right to vote; however, Southern African American women remained denied voting rights under Jim Crow laws.