NUTR 366: Lecture 4; The Tissue Level of Organization II Flashcards

Comprehensive vocabulary flashcards covering bone markings, epithelial tissue classification and locations, glandular structure and modes of secretion, and connective tissue matrix components and cells.

Articulation

A general class of bone marking where two bone surfaces come together (articulus = 'joint').

Projection

An area of a bone that projects above the surface of the bone.

Hole (Bone Marking)

An opening or groove in the bone that allows blood vessels and nerves to enter the bone.

Head (Bone Marking)

A prominent rounded surface on a bone, such as the head of the femur.

Facet

A flat bone surface, such as on vertebrae.

Condyle

A rounded bone surface, such as the occipital condyles.

Protuberance

A protruding bone marking, such as the chin.

Process (Bone Marking)

A prominence feature of a bone, such as the transverse process of a vertebra.

Spine (Bone Marking)

A sharp process on a bone, such as the ischial spine.

Tubercle

A small, rounded process on a bone, such as the tubercle of the humerus.

Tuberosity

A rough surface on a bone, such as the deltoid tuberosity.

Line (Bone Marking)

A slight, elongated ridge on a bone, such as the temporal lines of the parietal bones.

Crest (Bone Marking)

A ridge on a bone, such as the iliac crest.

Fossa

An elongated basin in a bone, such as the mandibular fossa.

Fovea

A small pit in a bone, such as the fovea capitis on the head of the femur.

Sulcus

A groove in a bone, such as the sigmoid sulcus of the temporal bones.

Canal (Bone Marking)

A passage in bone, such as the auditory canal.

Fissure (Bone Marking)

A slit through bone, such as the auricular fissure.

Foramen

A hole through bone through which blood vessels and nerves can pass, such as the foramen magnum.

Meatus

An opening into a canal in a bone, such as the external auditory meatus.

Sinus (Bone Marking)

An air-filled space within a bone, such as a nasal sinus.

Anatomical Position

The standard body orientation shown in anterior and posterior views used to define anatomical regions.

Squamous Cells

Epithelial cells that are thin and flat in shape.

Cuboidal Cells

Epithelial cells that are square shaped.

Columnar Cells

Epithelial cells that are tall, slender rectangles.

Simple Epithelium

Epithelial tissue organized as a single layer of cells.

Stratified Epithelium

Epithelial tissue formed by several stacked layers of cells.

Pseudostratified Epithelium

A single layer of irregularly shaped cells that gives the appearance of having more than one layer.

Mesothelium

Simple squamous surface layer of serous membranes lining body cavities and internal organs, secreting lubricating fluids.

Endothelium

Simple squamous epithelium that forms the inner lining of the heart and blood vessels.

Type I Pneumocyte

Squamous cell type present in the lung alveolus involved in forming the thin respiratory boundary.

Simple Cuboidal Epithelium

Single layer of box-like cells with round central nuclei, performing secretion and absorption in gland ducts and kidney tubules.

Simple Columnar Epithelium

Single layer of tall cells with elongated basal nuclei, functioning in absorption and secretion in the stomach and intestines.

Pseudostratified Ciliated Columnar Epithelium

Single cell layer attached to the basal lamina with cilia that move mucus, lining the nasal cavity, trachea, and bronchi.

Stratified Squamous Epithelium

Multi-layered tissue with squamous superficial cells protecting against physical and chemical wear, found on skin and lining the mouth.

Stratified Cuboidal Epithelium

Relatively rare multi-layered epithelial tissue lining the ducts of sweat glands and mammary glands.

Stratified Columnar Epithelium

Relatively rare multi-layered epithelial tissue providing protection in areas such as the pharynx, epiglottis, anus, and urethra.

Transitional Epithelium

Specialized stratified epithelium whose appearance changes to tolerate repeated cycles of stretching without damage in the urinary bladder.

Endocrine Glands

Ductless glands that release hormones directly into surrounding tissue fluids, which then diffuse into the bloodstream.

Exocrine Glands

Glands that discharge secretions through ducts onto epithelial surfaces, such as sweat, saliva, and mucous glands.

Goblet Cells

Unicellular exocrine glands scattered in intestinal epithelia that secrete mucin, which combines with water to form mucus.

Merocrine Secretion

Glandular secretion mode where products are released by exocytosis via secretory vesicles without damaging the cell.

Apocrine Secretion

Glandular secretion mode where products are released by shedding or pinching off the apical cytoplasm of the cell.

Holocrine Secretion

Glandular secretion mode where mature cells burst and die to release their product, which are then replaced by stem cells.

Extracellular Matrix

Extracellular component of connective tissue consisting of protein fibers and ground substance surrounding dispersed cells.

Ground Substance

Fluid or solid component of connective tissue matrix constituting the majority of tissue volume and determining specialized function.

Fibroblasts

Most abundant cell type in connective tissue proper that secretes proteins and polysaccharides to form viscous ground substance and fibers.

Fibrocytes

Second most abundant cell type in connective tissue proper; a less active form of fibroblasts that maintains extracellular fibers.

Mesenchymal Cells

Stem cells present in connective tissue proper that differentiate into any connective tissue cell type needed for repair.

Adipocytes

Fat cells in connective tissue that store lipids as droplets filling most of the cell cytoplasm.

Fibroblasts

Connective tissue cells that produce collagen and extracellular matrix, playing a key role in tissue repair and maintenance.

Mas Cells

Connective tissue cells that play a critical role in inflammation and allergic responses by releasing histamine and other mediators.