Developmental Psych Final Exam UIOWA

motivations/desires to take action

physiological processes

subjective feelings

thoughts that accompany feelings

neural and physiological responses to the environment, subjective feelings, cognitions related to those feelings and the desire to take actionn

emotions

emotions are innate and selected via evolutionary pressures

limited number of discrete emotions

each emotion is related to specific bodily and facial reactions

Izard, Tomkins and others

discrete emotions theory

happy

sad

fear

anger

surprise

disgust

basic emotions

what 3 emotions are most agreed of?

happiness

sad

surprised

emotion so that you can act

not discrete, depend on social environment

Campos

functionalist approach to emotional development

positive emotions

-smile (reflexive response then social smiles)

-happiness

-laughing

negative emotions

hard to assess, suggest undifferentiated distress in early life

(generalized distress is things like hunger, pain, etc.)

anger, sadness, fear and distress are examples of...

negative emotions

what occurs at 8 to 13-15 months of age

separation anxiety

self-conscious emotions

embarrassment, pride, guilt and shame

self-conscious emotions demonstrate...

self-awareness and awareness/understanding of adult reactions

less differentiated emotions develop..

early in life

more differentiated emotions develop later

emotional self-regulation

a complex process that involves initiating, inhibiting, or modulating:

-internal feelings (subjective emotional experience)

-emotion-related physiological processes

-emotion-related cognitions (thoughts about how to interpret situations)

-emotion-related behavior (ex: facial expressions)

if a child...

increases ability to negotiate ways to resolve situations

increases ability to control their attention and movements

changes in adults' expectations of them

it reflects decreased parental reliance on emotional regulation as they get older

social referencing

the use of a parent's or other adult's facial expression or vocal cues to decide how to deal with novel, ambiguous, or possibly threatening situations

emotional intelligence

the ability to cognitively process info about emotions and use that info to guide both thought and behavior

display rules

a social group's informal norms about when, where, and how much one should show emotions and when and where displays of emotion should be suppressed or masked by displays of other emotions

self-control

selection of appropriate behavior strategies for situation

inhibition to inappropriate behavior

attention to task-relevant info

maintenance of task-relevant goals in working memory

accurate perception of changes in context

delay of gratification task

marshmallow test

attractive toys off limits

measures self-control

compliance tasks

picking up toys

baking a cake

measures self-control

individual differences in how children interact with caregivers

committed and situational compliance

committed complaince

eager, willing participation in task

child follows directives in a self-regulated, proactive manner

situational compliance

essentially cooperative, but participation requires continuing caregiver control, behavior driven by repeated prompts

things that influence individual differences in how children interact with caregivers

parental style

temperament

attentional skills (committed compliance)

language skills (more advanced language abilities related to better self-control (private speech))

emotion regulation

a set of both conscious and unconscious processes used to both monitor and modulate emotional experiences and expressions

co-regulation

the process by which a caregiver provides the needed comfort or distraction to help a child reduce his or her distress

temperament

individual differences in emotion, activity level and attention that are exhibited across contexts and that are present from infancy

thought to be genetically based

Thomas & Chess

identified three basic temperaments for infants; difficult, slow to warm and easy

difficult temperament

slow to adapt and may be negative to new stimuli

irregular daily patterns

easy temperament

readily adapt to new experiences, generally display positive moods and emotions, and have regular sleeping and eating patterns

slow to warm up temperament

difficult at first but easier over time after they got used to new objects, people and situations

children internalize scaffolding (private speech)

develop strategies for dealing with challenging situations

working memory and attentional abilities improve

what developments lead to changes in self-control abilities?

self-control occurs within a ...

social context

parents use verbal and physical cues in order to ...

keep children on task

parents adapt scaffolding to child's abilities

younger: narrow, focused instruction for safety, property, respect for others

older: broader emphasis on social norms for behavior display rules

can temperament be affected by prenatal environment?

yes

attachment

a strong affectional tie that humans feel towards the special people in their lives

influences behavior

feel joy around some people so they go to them for comfort too

harry harlow

Studied attachment in monkeys with artificial mothers

Harry Harlow's attachment research

supported view that social and emotional development is rooted in early social interactions with adults

harlow monkey experiment

In this experiment The wire surrogate "mother" provides the food for this infant rhesus monkey. But the infant spends all its time with the soft, cloth-covered surrogate and goes to her for comfort. According to Harlow, this demonstrates the importance of comfort in attachment.

Bowlby's attachment theory

children are biologically predisposed to develop attachments with caregivers as a means of increasing the chances of their own survival

if monkeys were in isolation then moved in with peers they would be ...

less anxious and show improvement socio-emotionally

secure base

parental presence that gives the infant/toddler a sense of safety as he explores his surroundings

goodness of fit

the degree to which an individual's temperament is compatible with the demands and expectations of his or her social environment

differential susceptibility

a circumstance in which the same temperament characteristic that puts some children at high risk for negative outcomes when exposed to a harsh home environment also causes them to blossom when their home environment is positive

internal working model of attachment

the child's mental representation of the self, of attachment figure(s), and of relationships in general that is constructed as a result of experiences with caregivers. The working model guides children's interactions with caregivers and other people in infancy and at older ages

strange situation

Ainsworth's method for assessing infant attachment to the mother, based on a series of brief separations and reunions with the mother in a playoom situation

3 timepoints of Mary Ainsworth strange situation

reactions to stranger entry

reactions to parent's leaving

reaction to parent's return

secure attachment

distressed by parent leaving but easily comforted by return, secure base; not comforted by stranger

most common

avoidant insecure attachment

not distressed by parent leaving and avoid contact upon return (can be comforted by strangers if upset when parent is out of room)

insecure-resistant/ambivalent attachment

failure to explore, angry and resistant upon return; cannot be comforted by stranger

disorganized/disoriented insecure attachment

inconsistent signals, contradictory reactions

uncommon

often in situations of extreme child neglect

differences in attachment

cultural variation

history of relationship with caregiver

characteristics of infant (temperament)

Kochanska, 1998

-Influence of mother-child relationship & child fearfulness on attachment

-Short-term longitudinal study

8-10 mo:

-mother-child relation

-fear (parent rated & lab observation)

13-15 mo

-mother-child relation

-fear

-strange situation

Kochanska

Administered Strange Situation

Presented infants with novel objects; rated how fearful infants were

Observed moms at home to see how responsive they were to infants

o results

Infants' temperament was more strongly related to their attachment classification than mothers' responsiveness to infants' cries

fear is a factor in temperament and insecure attachment

kochanska

Conclusions (Kochanska)

influence of mother-child relationship and child characteristics on attachment

--history of relationship (ex: responsiveness of parent)

--fearfulness/fearlessness of child

attachment integrates developmental inputs from MC relationship and child's characteristics

secure attachment related to..

more harmonious relationships with peers

higher grades, more school involvement

positive peer and romantic relationships and emotional health in adolescence

early security of attachment predicts child's functioning because...

parent's responsiveness/parenting styles generally remain consistent throughout the child's life

peers

similar age and status

provide context for development

peer acceptance...

affects later adjustment

causal model

low in acceptance from peers = drop out of school

highly aggressive= criminality

assumption: low acceptance by peers and resulting high aggression CAUSES poor outcome

incidental model

schizophrenics = withdrawn as children

aggressive behavior

assumption: child's characteristics CAUSE low peer acceptance and the result is negative outcomes

limitations of incidental and causal models

single cause: interactions are more complex than models suggest (bidirectionality)

self-concept

refers to a system made up of one's thoughts and attitudes about oneself

self-concept in infancy

starts as an appreciation of one's physical self once they differentiate themselves from the environment by developing sense that they are physical beings

personal fable

adolescents overly differentiate their feelings from those of others and come to regard themselves (especially their feelings) as unique and special

a child who is told they are loved and worthy will develop...

a better sense of self and loving internal working model

identity

definition of the self that is often externally imposed, such as through membership in a group

friend

a person with whom an individual has an intimate, reciprocated, positive relationship

children have friends as early as...

2 years old

3 or 4 years old

children can make and maintain friendships with peers

12 to 18 months of age

kids show preference over certain kids (friends)

changes in friendship

5 years old on

level and importance of intimacy changes as they get older

young kids define friends as ones who they are physically close to and play a lot with

older kids define friends as ones who have companionship, loyalty, etc.

age of 9

kids become more sensitive to needs of others and inequalities among people

measure "sociometric status"

measuring peer relationships

nominations by peers

unidimensional measures

measuring peer relationships

measures social acceptance only

two dimensional measures

measuring peer relationships

distinguishes highly liked and unpopular

popular

lots of positive votes

rated by peers as being highly liked and accepted and highly impactful

rejected

lots of negative votes

low in acceptance and preference and high in rejection but ALSO high in impact

controversial

combination of many positive and negative votes

very high in impact but average in preference

noticed by peers but liked and disliked by lots of people

neglected

few positive or negative votes

low in social impact

not liked or disliked by peers, they go unnoticed

average

average number of positive and negative ratings

moderate ratings on both impact and preference

most common

popular kids have...

highest levels of sociability and academic functioning

rejected kids are...

more aggressive and withdrawn

hostile bias towards others, thinks people are out to get them

rejected kids

neglected kids look similar in characteristics to...

average kids

what are controversial kids a combination of?

popular and rejected

more aggressive than average

greater sociability

better academic functioning

controversial kids

controversial kids are known to be

manipulators

have antisocial tendencies

lying and gossiping

at younger ages, __________ behavior is more likely to predict being unaccepted by peers

aggressive

grade school to middle school

at older ages, _______ behavior is more likely to predict being unaccepted by peers

withdrawn

middle school and older

from childhood to adolescence it's withdrawn behavior

aggressive-rejected

rejected by peers because of antagonistic, confrontational behavior

Dodge's hostile attribution bias

withdrawn-rejected

rejected by peers because of timid, withdrawn, and anxious behavior

neglected children

children who are infrequently nominated as a best friend but are not disliked by their peers

sociometric status

a measurement that reflects the degree to which children are liked or disliked by their peers as a group

what are the 5 groups kids are put into as a result of the sociometric system

popular

rejected

neglected

average

controversial

over relatively short periods such as weeks or months children who are __________________ or _______________ tend to remain that way

popular or rejected

sociometric stability

over time...

higher for rejected children than popular, rejected or controversial kids

may increase with age

factors of why kids are liked better than others (sociometric status)

--physical attractiveness

--status of their friends

--athleticism

--social behavior

--personality

--cognitions about others

--goals while interacting with peers