Unit 4 Causes and Alliances of WW1

Wilhelm II

Kaiser of Germany who dismissed Bismarck

Otto Von Bismarck

German statesman who unified Germany

Arms Race

Competition between Germany and Britain for military power

Triple Alliance

Military alliance of Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy

Triple Entente

Alliance of France, Britain, and Russia

Imperialism

Competition for colonies and resources among powers

Nationalism

Identification with one's nation and its interests

Balkans

Southeast European region with Slavic majority

Franz Ferdinand

Heir to Austro-Hungarian throne assassinated in 1914

Gavrilo Princip

Serbian nationalist who killed Ferdinand

Austria-Hungary

Empire that declared war on Serbia in 1914

Serbia

Country claiming rights over Slavic lands

Military Alliances

Agreements for mutual defense among nations

Slavic Region

Area in Balkans with significant Slavic population

Independence Movements

Small Balkan countries gained independence in 1900s

War Declaration Chain

Series of declarations leading to WWI outbreak

M.A.I.N. Causes of WWI

Militarism, Alliances, Imperialism, Nationalism

Central Powers

Austria-Hungary, Germany, Ottoman Empire (Bulgaria later)

Allies

France, Russia, Great Britain ( later joined Italy, Japan, USA)

Schlieffen Plan

Germany's strategy to quickly defeat France in the west, then fight Russia in the east

Stalemate

A situation in trench warfare where neither side could gain significant ground. "no man's land"

Poison Gas

A deadly weapon used in trenches during WW1, later banned in 1925 by the Geneva Conventions

Unrestricted Submarine Warfare

Germany's policy was to sink any ship in British waters without warning. (Leading to the US entering the war)

Fighting in the Colonies

European powers extended the war to their colonies in Asia, Africa and the middle East

T.E. Lawrence

He led the British to defeat the Ottomans in the Middle East

Total War

Countries devoted all their resources to the war effort

When does the US join the war

Late 1917

Who stepped down on November 11, 1918

Kaiser Wilhelm ||

What is the total cost of the war

$338 billion

What was the event in Paris involving Wilson, Clemenceau, George and Orlando

Paris Peace Conference

What did the new German government sign on November 11, 1918

An armistice

Which empire surrenders first

Ottoman Empire

Who represented the US at the Paris Conference

Wilson

What protests occurs in Austria-Hungary

Riots and Protests

Who was the French representative at the Paris Peace Conference

Clemenceau

What happens to German soldiers in 1918

Deserting military

Which country did George represent at the Paris Peace Conference

Britain

Who was the Italian representative at the Paris Peace Conference

Orlando

What was US goals

Keep the peace and prevent another war

What was Britain's goals

Get reimbursed for money they lost

What was France's goals

Severely punished Germany for causing war

What was Italy's goals

Gain new land

Who proposed the Fourteen Points

Wilson

What was the Fourteen Points

A guide for nations to shape their own destiny and govern independently

What did Germany accept in the Treaty of Versailles

Blame for the war

What restriction was placed on Germany's military in the Treaty of Versailles

Germany was not able to have an army

What financial obligation did Germany have under the Treaty of Versailles

Had to pay reparations to the Allies

In which year were the final reparations settled

2010

Who were the Armenians within the Ottoman Empire

A Christian minority with a separate language and culture, viewed as a "foreign enemy" during WWI

What happened to the Armenians during WWI

2 million were deported, and 600,000 were killed or died from starvation in what is considered a genocide

What is Turkey's modern stance on the Armenian genocide

The Turkish government denies any genocide or wrongdoing

What major change occurred in the Middle East after WWI

The Ottoman Empire was dissolved, and its lands were partitioned by Britain and France under the Sykes-Picot Agreement

Who modernized Turkey after the fall of the Ottoman Empire

Ataturk, the founder of the Republic of Turkey, transformed it into a democracy

Which countries in the Middle East remained independent after WWI

Saudi Arabia (a Sunni monarchy) and Iran (modernized under the Shah, Shia Muslims)

How long did Russia's monarchy last

Russia had a monarchy for 300 years

Why did Tsar Nicholas II become unpopular

Poor quality of life in Russia: limited rights, poor working conditions, low income, food shortages, and persecution of minorities

What inspired revolutionary ideas in Russia

The writings of Karl Marx, especially The Communist Manifesto, which emphasized class struggle and workers owning production

Who were the Bolsheviks, and who led them

The Bolsheviks were an extreme Marxist group led by Vladimir Lenin, advocating radical change

What three events increased public anger against the Russian monarchy

1. The Russo-Japanese War

2. World War |

3. Bloody Sunday (1905), where Tsar Nicholas ||’s military fired on protesting workers

What happened to the Russian monarchy during WWI

Tsar Nicholas II abdicated, ending the monarchy. The Romanov family was later executed

What is a "soviet" in the context of the Russian Revolution

A local council of workers, peasants, and soldiers that often had more influence than the government

When did Lenin return to Russia, and why

In 1917, to lead the Petrograd Soviet and push for revolution

What event marked the toppling of the Provisional Government in Russia

Armed workers overthrew the government again

What treaty ended Russian involvement in WWI

Treaty of Brest-Litovsk, was signed on March 3, 1918 with Germany to stop Russian involvement

Who led the Red Army during the Russian Civil War

Leon Trotsky

What was the composition of the White Army

Different factions against the Reds

What years did the Russian Civil War span

1918-1922

When did Russia become the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR)

In 1922

What did the Bolsheviks rename themselves as

The Communist Party

What happened to Lenin in 1922

He suffered a stroke and died in 1924

Who seized power in 1929 after Lenin's death

Joseph Stalin

What is totalitarianism

A government that takes total and centralized control of every aspect of private and public life

Name the four main methods of totalitarianism

1. Police Terror

2. Indoctrination

3. Propaganda and censorship

4. Religious and ethnic persecution

What was the Great Purge under Stalin

The elimination of anyone who threatened Stalin's power, including members of his own party

What was a gulag in Stalin's Soviet Union

A Russian prison camp where suspected traitors were worked to death

Who were the kulaks

Wealthier peasants who owned small family farms

What happened to the kulaks during Stalin's rule

Their property was seized, and they were killed or sent to gulags

What were Stalin's Five Year Plans focused on

Setting high production goals for electricity, steel, agriculture, coal, and oil

What was the estimated death toll from Stalin's policies (not including WWII)

5-10 million Russians

Why did Russia overthrow the government

1917 due to war failures, economic collapse, and public discontent, leading to the Bolsheviks seizing power

Post war Italy

Italy "won" WWI but got no land. The weak government struggled with economic problems

Fascists Rise to Power

Mussolini promised to fix the economy and build the military. His "Black Shirts" attacked Communists

Mussolini Takes Control

In 1922, Mussolini's supporters marched on Rome, and the King made him leader

Fascism

Extreme nationalism, militarism, no individual rights, and one-party rule

Mussolini's Rule

Mussolini, called Il Duce, was Italy's fascist leader

Fascism in Spain

Franco led a fascist revolt in Spain, supported by Mussolini and Hitler

Spanish Civil War

Franco's Nationalists fought Republicans. Neutral countries like the USA stayed out

Franco's Rule

Franco became dictator in 1939. 200,000 civilians were executed during the war

Legacy of Mussolini

Mussolini's rule influenced other dictatorships in Europe

What was china's goal in the early 1900s

To become a modern, united country

Who led the overthrow of the last emperor of China in 1911

Sun Yixian and the Nationalist Party

What were Sun Yixian's Three Principles of the People

Nationalism (end foreign control)

Democracy (representative government)

Livelihood (economic security)

Why did Sun Yixian's plan fail

He couldn't unify China's armies, and citizens were angry that China gained no land after WWI

What was the "Warlord Era"

A period of chaos where regional military leaders controlled different parts of China

Why did students and workers protest in the May Fourth Movement

They were angry over China's weak position after WWI and wanted nationalism and modernization

How did people react to Sun Yixian's response to the protests

At first, he supported them, but later, many protesters turned against him

Why did many Chinese start favoring Communism over democracy

They saw Lenin's version of Communism as a better way to strengthen China

Who organized the Chinese Communist Party

Mao Zedong, who wanted to unite peasants and rural farmers

Who took over after Sun Yixian's death

Jiang Jieshi became the leader of the Nationalists

Who supported the Nationalists and Communists

Nationalists - Supported by the U.S. and Britain

Communists - Supported the Soviet Union