Purposive Communication Review Flashcards

A comprehensive set of 150 flashcards in question-and-answer format covering the syllabus of Purposive Communication, including models, processes, ethics, and professional writing.

From which Latin word is the term 'communication' derived?

The word is derived from the Latin word "communis."

What does the Latin word 'communis' mean?

It means common.

What capability places humans at the top of the hierarchy of all living creatures?

The capability to communicate using inscribed words and the use of sounds.

How does Keyton (2011) define communication?

The process of transmitting information and common understanding from one person to another.

What are the six elements required for effective communication as listed in Topic 1?

Speaker, Message, Receiver, Channel, Feedback, and Communicative Situation.

What are the requirements for identifying a means of communication as a 'language'?

A system of rules (grammar), a sound system (phonology), and a vocabulary (lexicon).

What are the functions of language besides communication?

Expression of identity, play, imaginative expression, and emotional release.

What is the process of acquiring the languages used by those in one's community while growing up called?

Language acquisition.

What are the languages acquired while growing up known as?

Mother tongues or first language.

How are 'second languages' typically learned?

By studying formally in school or informally on one's own.

In communication, what does 'context' refer to?

The circumstances or environment in which communication takes place, including the physical setting, value positions, and appropriateness.

What are four types of factors that can surround the context of communication?

Physical, cultural, social, and psychological factors.

What are the three types of communication according to mode?

Verbal, non-verbal, and visual.

Why is the non-verbal mode essential in verbal communication?

It enhances the message through gestures, facial expressions, and disposition.

What is visual communication?

The type of communication that uses visuals such as signs, symbols, imagery, maps, and graphs to convey information.

What graphic elements should presenters be mindful of in visual communication?

Position, color, size, shape, and orientation.

What does 'intrapersonal communication' mean based on its Latin prefix?

Talking to oneself (intra- means within or inside).

What alternate names do psychologists use for intrapersonal communication?

Self-verbalization or self-statement.

According to McLean (2005), what activities are included in intrapersonal communication?

Self-talk, acts of imagination and visualization, and recall and memory.

Who examined intrapersonal communication as transactional through eight basic components?

Leonard Shedletsky (1989).

What is the developmental view of interpersonal communication?

It places emphasis on the relationship rather than the size of the audience and distinguishes between impersonal and personal interactions.

In an organization, what is communication compared to in the body?

Blood.

Who is the 'Sender' in the communication process?

The person who sends his ideas to another person.

What is 'Encoding' in the communication process?

The process of converting the idea or thinking into symbols, words, actions, or diagrams.

What is 'Media' or the 'Channel'?

The medium, passage, or route through which the encoded message is passed to the receiver.

What is 'Decoding' in the communication process?

Translating the encoded message into language understandable by the receiver.

What is 'Feedback'?

The response by the receiver that marks the completion of the communication process.

What is 'Noise'?

The hindrance in the process of communication that reduces accuracy.

List three examples of noise provided in the text.

1) Disturbance in telephone lines, 2) An inattentive receiver, 3) Improper Decoding of Message.

What is the first step in the illustrated communication process?

The sender formulates the message he wants to convey.

When should you know your audience in communication?

In both speaking and writing, as it dictates the style to be employed.

What should a speaker consider about their audience profile?

Age, educational background, profession, culture, and interests.

What is the principle of 'Conciseness' in oral communication?

Not being verbose or wordy; brevity is a must.

What does a 'natural delivery' involve in oral communication?

Punctuating words with appropriate gestures and movements while exuding confidence.

How is 'Ethics' defined in communication?

A set of rules or guidelines; theories as to which is right or wrong.

What are the '7 C's' of ethical communication?

Completeness, Concreteness, Courtesy, Correctness, Clarity, Consideration, and Conciseness.

What is 'Concreteness' in business communication?

A clear message supported by factual material such as research data and figures.

In the 7 C's, what characterizes 'Clarity'?

Explicitness, short sentences, and concrete words while avoiding fuzzy language.

What is the difference between 'Coherence' and 'Cohesion'?

Coherence is the connection of ideas at the idea level; cohesion is the connection at the sentence level.

What is 'Consideration' in communication?

Relating to the target group by taking their professional knowledge, education, and interests into account.

What does a 'code of ethics' set for a person or company?

Standards that create a good reputation or positive image.

What is 'multimodal' communication?

Communication that draws on multiple modes such as vocalization, speech, gesture, and symbols.

What are the five primary elements of the Aristotle Model of Communication?

Speaker, Speech, Occasion, Audience, and Effect.

Why is the Aristotle Model considered 'linear'?

It no longer requires the feedback of the Audience and is speaker-centered.

What was the purpose of the Shannon-Weaver Model?

To improve technical communication, specifically telephonic communication, using mathematical equations.

What does Schramm’s Model of communication posit?

That knowledge and cultural/educational background play a crucial role in how a message is interpreted.

What is 'Dyadic Communication'?

Communication between two persons where the source and receiver roles are dynamic and spontaneous.

What defines 'Mass Communication'?

Communicating with a large number of people using tools like Newspaper, Radio, or TV, where feedback is minimal or delayed.

What is 'Mediated Communication'?

Communication that happens using technological tools of ICT as a mode of exchanging information.

What are the five categories of communication barriers listed in Topic 2?

Physical, Psychological, Cultural, Language Used, and Personal.

What does a 'Physical Barrier' include?

Defects in media, environmental/geographical location, and physical disabilities (hearing, vision, speech).

What are 'Psychological Barriers'?

Manifestations of human behavior such as emotions, trauma, inattentiveness, and status.

What is 'Intercultural Communication'?

Verbal and nonverbal interaction between people from different cultural backgrounds.

According to recent studies, what percentage of human communication is actually nonverbal?

Closer to $60\%$, though older estimates suggested up to $93\%$.

What is the 'Global Village' concept by Marshall McLuhan?

The world as a community linked together by technology where distance and isolation no longer matter.

How do North Americans typically view direct eye contact?

As a sign of honesty.

How do Asians typically view direct eye contact?

As a form of disrespect.

What is 'Multiculturalism'?

The presence and co-existence of people with several cultures in a specific setting.

What is 'Local Communication'?

Data transferred directly from a gateway without going through a cloud (like Particle cloud).

Define 'Co-cultures'.

Members of the same general culture who differ in some ethnic or sociological way from the parent culture.

What are the six language registers according to Gleaner?

Formal, casual, intimate, private, frozen, and consultative.

What does 'Permanence' mean in written language?

The belief that once students write something, it is finished and cannot be edited or revised.

What is 'Orthography' in written context?

The technical appearance of text, including font, size, and pictures.

What are 'Created texts'?

Texts authored by non-native speakers for non-native speakers to achieve pre-determined curricular goals.

What are 'Authentic texts'?

Texts created by native speakers for native speakers for consumption in a native environment.

What is 'Semiotics'?

The study of making meaning, the connection between a sign or symbol and what it represents.

What is 'Metonymy' in semiotics?

An extension of the metaphor where one idea covers a set of strategies for association and meaning transfer.

What is the 'Frozen' register?

Language that never changes, such as the Panatang Makabayan.

What are the two major classifications of intercultural communication functions?

Private Functions and Social Functions.

What is 'Ethnocentrism'?

Negatively judging aspects of another culture by the standards of one's own culture or believing in its superiority.

How does Jandt (2000) define language?

The set of symbols shared by a community to communicate meanings and experiences.

What are 'Stereotypes'?

Perceptions that certain people have particular qualities because they belong to a specific race, sex, or social class.

What is 'Prejudice'?

An unreasonable dislike and distrust of people who are different from you.

What are the six fundamental patterns of cultural differences listed in Topic 5?

Decision Making Styles, Attitudes toward Disclosure, Approaches to Knowing, Communication Styles, Attitudes toward Conflict, and Approaches toward Completing Tasks.

Which countries typically have a strong value on holding decision-making responsibilities oneself?

Southern European and Latin American countries.

What is an 'Explanation Essay'?

An essay that answers the question "why" to inform readers about why something happens.

What is a 'Blog'?

A personal journal or diary entry that is posted online.

What is a 'Research-based Argumentative Essay'?

An essay that presents a writer’s position with support from research studies.

What sources are usually NOT considered legally published/recognized for academic research?

Holy books (Bible), work of literature, dictionary, personal blogs, or Wikipedia.

What are the three types of notes taken during research?

Paraphrases, summaries, and direct quotations.

What is a 'Thesis Statement'?

The main point of research that presents a strong position with convincing evidence.

What are the four components of a documented essay outline?

Thesis statement, argument/support, opposing argument/support, and list of sources.

How is 'Critical Thinking' defined?

The ability to analyze, criticize, and advocate ideas to reach factual reasons based on knowledge.

What are five steps to develop critical thinking skills?

1) Self-criticism, 2) Listening to others, 3) Analyzing information, 4) Communicating with courtesy, 5) Developing foresight.

What is the 'concept of social and cultural significance'?

When people spend time conveying information to each other about their beliefs and the way they think and behave.

What five major purposes does communication serve?

To inform, to express feelings, to imagine, to influence, and to meet social expectations.

As a speaker, what profile information should you know about your audience?

Age, gender, educational background, religion, economic status, and interests.

What are 'Logistics' in the context of preparing a speech?

Knowing who is organizing, who introduces you, and the order of speakers.

Why is the Venue important for a speaker?

To locate lights, position movable visual aids, and determine how to move to get audience attention.

What should the text size be in effective speech notes?

Large enough to read from a distance.

What is the effect of pressing the 'B' key during a PowerPoint presentation?

It displays a black screen to let the audience concentrate on the speaker's words.

What estimated percentage of mistakes in oral presentations occur in the planning stage?

$50\%$.

How long do you typically have to speak in the presentation scenarios described?

$15\,minutes$.

What is 'Informative Communication'?

The process of sharing knowledge about the world to increase audience awareness and knowledge of a topic.

What are 'Speeches about Objects'?

Speeches focusing on things existing in the world (people, places, animals, products).

What are 'Speeches about Processes'?

Speeches focusing on patterns of action or demonstration speeches ("how to").

What are 'Speeches about Events'?

Speeches focusing on things that happened, are happening, or will happen.

What are 'Speeches about Concepts'?

Speeches focusing on beliefs, ideas, and theories.

What is a 'Definitional speech'?

A speech attempting to set forth the meaning of concepts or theories unfamiliar to the audience.

What is a 'Descriptive speech'?

A speech intended to provide a detailed, vivid, word-picture of a subject.