RADI-106 Facial bones, Sinuses and CNS Exam
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149 Terms
how many facial bones are there?
14
what are the largest immovable facial bones
maxillary bones
Each maxilla assists in the formation of what 3 cavities of the face?
mouth, nasal and one orbit
what is the opening between the 2 palatine processes (but affects the maxillary bone)
cleft palate
what is the hard palate also known as
roof of mouth
what do the rt and lt zygomatic bones make up
cheek and lower outer portion of the orbit
what is the zygomatic arch formed by
posterior portion of the zygomatic bone and the zygomatic process of the temporal bone
What are the thinnest and most fragile bones in the entire body?
lacrimal and nasal bones
where are lacrimal bones located
Anteriorly on the medial side of each orbit
what are lacrimal bones are closely associated with what?
the tear ducts
where do nasal bones lie
anterior and superior to the frontal process of the maxillae
where do the two nasal bones and frontal bones join
nasion
T or F the superior and middle nasal conchae are apart of the ethmoid bone NOT a facial bone
True
what is the only nasal conchae that is a facial bone
inferior nasal conchae
what portion helps form the posterior portion of the hard palate (palatine bones)
horizontal portion of palatine bones
What forms the nasal septum?
ethmoid bone and vomer
what is the proper name for a nose bleed
epistaxis
T or F deviated septum occurs at vomer
true
what age does the mandible join together (it starts off as two bones)
age 1
what is the condyloid process
the posterior process of the notch, has a head and neck
What forms the temporomandibular joint (TMJ)?
the head of condyloid process fits into the temporomandibular fossa of the temporal bone.
-basically head of condyle and temporal bone
how many bones is each orbit composed of
7
what is the sphenoid strut
small root of bone separating the superior orbital fissure (SOF) and optic canal
what type of joint is the TMJ
synovial (diarthrodial) freely movable
what is a tripod fracture
a blow to the cheek resulting in the zygoma to be fractured in 3 places
what is a leforte fracture
severe bilateral horizontal fractures of the maxillae
wha is a contre-coup fracture
an injury/ fracture to one side caused by an impact to the opposite side.
what is the other name for the waters view
parieoacanthial view
what is your technique for all facial bones
75 kVp AEC center cell
what is technique for lateral facial bones
75 kVp AEC cc
what is shown in PA waters view
petrous ridges shown just below maxillary sinuses
what line is perpendicular when doing PA waters and where does CR exit
MML
CR exits acanthion
where are petrous ridges shown for PA caldwell view
shown in lower 1/3 of orbits
What line is perpendicular to the IR when performing a modified waters view and where does CR exit
LML
CR exits acanthion
what is shown in the modified waters view
petrous ridges halfway through maxillary sinuses
what technique do you use for lateral nasal bones
3.2 mAs
55 kVp
Where do you center for lateral nasal bones?
1/2 inch below nasion
where do you center for the superoinferior axial view (nasal bones)
CR parallel to GAL
Film perp to GAL
what is your technique for all zygomatic arches projections but tangential
75 kVp AEC center cell
what is your technique for oblique inferosuperior (tangential) view of zygomatic arches
6 mAs
60 kVp
what view is sometimes called jug handle view
AP axial (modified Townes)
what should you see in the rhese view
optic foramen in lower outer quadrant
what view should you tell your patient to put chin, cheek and nose to board
Rhese oblique view
for a panorex view, what line is parallel to the floor?
IOML
what is an axon?
process leading AWAY from cell body
what are the three things each neuron (nerve cell) is comprised of
axon, cell body, dendrites
What are dendrites?
processes that conduct impulses TOWARDS the cell body.
What is a multipolar neuron?
neuron with only one axon, but several dendrites, typical neuron that conducts impulses from spinal cord to muscle tissue
where is the typical lumbar puncture site and why
L3-L4, because there is no solid cord there anymore
what is the most outer layer of the brain
dura mater
what is the middle layer of the brain
arachnoid
what is the inner most layer of the brain
Pia mater
What is the epidural space?
space between the dura and inner table of the skull
What is the subdural space?
space between the dura and the arachnoid. Has a thin film of fluid and various blood vessels.
What is the subarachnoid space?
the WIDEST space between arachnoid and pia mater, normally filled with CSF
where does the subarachnoid space go down to
continues down to the lower second segment of the sacrum
what is a cisternal puncture
done between C1 and occipital bone to introduce anesthesia
what are the three divisions of the brain
forebrain, midbrain, hindbrain
what division of the brain is the largest (overall, not too specific)
Forebrain
What does the forebrain consist of?
cerebrum, thalamus, hypothalamus
what division of the brain is the smallest
midbrain
What does the hindbrain consist of?
cerebellum, pons, medulla
what is the largest portion of the brain
cerebrum
How is the cerebrum divided?
right and left hemispheres by the longitudinal fissure
What are the five lobes of the cerebrum?
frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital, insula (or central)
each hemisphere has folds called ________
Gyri
each hemisphere has grooves called ______
Sulci
what is located deep within the longitudinal fissure and consists of an arched mass of transverse fibers connecting the two hemispheres
corpus callosum
where is CSF formed
in the lateral ventricles
How much CSF is produced per day?
500 mL
how much CSF is present per day
140 mL
what is the appearance of CSF and the role
it is clear, and has a "protective role"
what do the groups of nuclei (gray matter) in the thalamus do
serve as relay stations for most of the sensory impulses
what does the thalamus do
serves as an interpretation center for impulses such as pain, temp., touch, emotions, and memory
what makes up the diencephalon portion of the forebrain
the thalamus and hypothalamus together
What does the hypothalamus control?
homeostasis, also connected to pituitary gland
what is the largest portion of the hindbrain
cerebellum
what connect the left and right hemispheres of the cerebellum
vermis
what does the cerebellum do
primarily controls the motor functions such as coordination, posture and balance
what is the bridge between the cerebrum, cerebellum and medulla
pons
all the fiber tracts between the brain and spinal cord pass through the
medulla
what does the brain stem include
midbrain, pons, medulla
What does the pineal gland do
secretes hormones that aid in regulating certain secretory activities
what are the other names for the pituitary gland
hypophysis or master gland
what are the functions of the pituitary gland
controls growth and reproductive functions
what is white matter
myelinated axons, areas of white matter include the corpus callosum and centrum semiovale
what is gray matter
composed of mainly neuron dendrites and cell bodies, areas of gray matter include outer cerebral cortex, cerebral nuclei and thalamus
what is the other name for cerebral nuclei
basal ganglia
what are the 4 groupings of cerebral nuclei
-caudate nucleus
-lentiform nucleus
-claustrum
-amygdaloid nucleus
what do the cerebral nuclei do
moderates intensity of motor activity
What are the 12 pairs of cranial nerves?
Olfactory
Optic
Oculomotor
Trochlear
Trigeminal
Abducens
Facial
Vestibulocochlear
Glossopharyngeal
Vagus
Accessory
Hypoglossal
where does the spinal cord start and end
from the brain at the medulla oblongata to the level of space between L1/L2
what is end of spinal cord referred to as
conus medullaris
from the thalamus, optic radiations pass to the visual centers in the ___________ lobe
occipital
what are the only sinuses visible at birth
maxillary sinuses
when do the frontal and sphenoid sinuses start to be seen
age 6 or 7
what sinuses develop last
ethmoid sinuses
When are all sinuses fully developed
late teen years
what is the largest set of sinuses
maxillary
T or F maxillary sinuses vary in size from person to person
true