Honors Bio Unit 4

Reactant

The starting substance changed during a chemical reaction. 

Products

the new substances formed by the reaction

glucose

simple sugar acting as food

ATP

ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate) i

ADP

Adenosine Diphosphate

Mitochondria

Converts food to ATP

Aerobic respiration

where cells break down food in the presence of oxygen to produce energy in the form of ATP, releasing carbon dioxide and water as byproducts

Anerobic respiration

breaking down molecules in the absence of oxygen, using alternative methods lie fermentatiin

fermentation

where microorganisms  break down sugars and other organic compounds in the absence of oxygen, producing energy for themselves

lactic acid

a metabolic process in which glucose (sugar) is converted into lactic acid and energy (ATP) in the absence of oxygen.

Pyruvate

a three-carbon organic acid that serves as a key intermediate in the metabolism of carbohydrates, proteins, and fats

O₂

oxygen molecule

H₂O

chemical formula for water

CO₂

(carbon dioxide)

Glucose formula

C₆H₁₂O₆

Cellular respiration

the metabolic process in which cells convert chemical energy from glucose and oxygen into ATP

Cellular respiration

C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂ → 6CO₂ + 6H₂O + ATP

Glycolysis

the initial metabolic process where one molecule of glucose is broken down into two pyruvate molecules, yielding a net of two ATP and two NADH molecules

Glycolysis reactant

glucose

glycolysis products

2 pyruvate, 2 atp, 2 NADH molecules

Where in the cell is glycolysis?

cytoplasm

Does it need oxygen

No

Glycolysis purpose

a simple step to to break down glucose for energy

Krebs cycle

a central pathway in cellular respiration that takes place in the mitochondrial matrix, oxidizing acetyl-CoA to produce ATP, NADH, and FADH₂

Kreb cycle reactants

2 pyruvate

Kreb cycle products

6CO₂ , 2 ATP, 8 NADH, 2 FAD

Where in the cell does the kreb cycle take place

mitochondrial matrix

Does it kreb cycle the presence o oxygen

yes

purpose of kreb cycle

to break down nutrients (from carbohydrates, fats, and proteins) in the presence of oxygen to produce energy which then feed into the electron transport chain

ETC reactants

Oxygen, NADH, FADH2, electrons

ETC products

H20, 36ATO

Where in the cell

Inner membrane of mitochindria

does ETC need oxygen

Yes

ETC purpose

to harvest energy from electrons (carried by NADH and FADH2) to generate a proton gradient across a membrane, which then powers the synthesis of adenosine triphosphate (ATP)

what is fermentation

process where microorganism like yeast break down sugars without oxygen to produce different alcohol and acids/

What is alcoholic fermentation

A fermenation carried out by yeast producing ethyl alcohol and carbon dioxide.

What is the chemical equation for alcoholic fermentation

2 pyruvate + NADH → Alcohol + CO2 + NAD+

What is lactic acid fermentation

Carried by other organism and does not give off CO2. But like alcoholic fermentation, it regemrates NAD+ so that glycolysis can continue.

What is the chemical equation for lactic fermentation

2 pyruvate + NADH → Lucid Acid + NAD+