Microbiology - Exam 1

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68 Terms

1

Prokaryote

A type of cell that has no membrane-bound nucleus, typically with one circular chromosome.

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2

Eukaryote

A type of cell that contains a membrane-bound nucleus and paired chromosomes.

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3

Binary fission

The method of asexual reproduction in prokaryotes in which a cell divides into two genetically identical cells.

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4

Capsule

A closed structure that is organized and firmly attached to the cell wall, often contributing to virulence by preventing phagocytosis.

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5

Flagella

Long, filamentous appendages that propel bacteria, composed of protein flagellin.

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6

Fimbriae

Hairlike appendages that allow for attachment to surfaces.

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7

Gram-positive bacteria

Bacteria characterized by a thick peptidoglycan layer in their cell wall.

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8

Gram-negative bacteria

Bacteria characterized by a thin peptidoglycan layer and an outer membrane.

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9

Teichoic acid

Molecules found in gram-positive bacterial cell walls, providing structural support and regulating cation movement.

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10

Peptidoglycan

A polymer that forms the structural component of the bacterial cell wall.

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11

Osmosis

The movement of water across a selectively permeable membrane from an area of high water concentration to an area of lower water concentration.

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12

Endosome

A membrane-bound compartment inside eukaryotic cells that contains endocytosed materials.

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13

Nucleoid

A region within prokaryotic cells where the circular DNA (chromosome) is located.

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14

Mitochondria

Organelles that are the sites of ATP production through cellular respiration.

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15

Chloroplasts

Organelles found in plant cells that are involved in photosynthesis.

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16

Cilia

Short projections used for locomotion or moving substances along the cell surface, numerous in number.

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17

Endospores

Resistant structures produced by some bacteria during nutrient depletion, capable of withstanding harsh conditions.

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18

Mycoplasmas

Bacteria that lack cell walls, often having sterols in their plasma membrane.

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19

Archaea

Microorganisms similar to bacteria but with distinct biochemistry and genetics, sometimes having pseudomurein cell walls.

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24

What is the smallest unit of matter that cannot be subdivided into smaller substances?

Atom

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25

What are the three primary components of an atom?

Electrons, protons, and neutrons.

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26

What is the atomic number of an element?

The number of protons in the nucleus of an atom.

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27

What is the difference between atomic mass and atomic number?

Atomic mass is the total number of protons and neutrons, while atomic number is just the number of protons.

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28

What are isotopes?

Atoms of the same element that have different numbers of neutrons.

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29

What type of bond involves the sharing of electron pairs between atoms?

Covalent bond

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30

What is a cation?

An atom that loses electrons and becomes positively charged.

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31

What defines a hydrogen bond?

A bond formed when a hydrogen atom covalently bonded to an oxygen or nitrogen atom is attracted to another oxygen or nitrogen atom.

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32

Define a covalent bond.

A bond formed when two atoms share one or more pairs of electrons.

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33

What does it mean for a compound to be organic?

It contains carbon and typically also hydrogen.

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34

What is the pH scale used to measure?

The acidity or alkalinity of a solution.

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35

What substance can act as both an acid and a base?

Amphoteric substance.

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36

What are carbohydrates primarily used for in living organisms?

They serve as cell structures and energy sources.

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37

What is dehydration synthesis?

A reaction in which two molecules are joined by the removal of water.

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38

What is the primary structure of proteins?

The sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide chain.

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39

What are the building blocks of nucleic acids?

Nucleotides.

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40

Define ATP.

Adenosine triphosphate, a molecule that stores and releases chemical energy for cellular reactions.

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41

How do simple lipids differ from complex lipids?

Simple lipids consist of glycerol and fatty acids, while complex lipids may also contain phosphates and other elements.

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42

What is the role of enzymes in cellular processes?

They act as catalysts to speed up chemical reactions.

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43

What characterizes an exergonic reaction?

It releases energy.

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44

What does the term 'anabolism' refer to?

The synthesis of molecules in a cell.

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45

How does the tertiary structure of proteins form?

It occurs when the secondary structures fold irregularly, forming a complex three-dimensional shape.

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46

What are macromolecules?

Large molecules formed by the combination of smaller subunits called monomers.

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47

Microscopy

The use of microscopes to observe small objects that are not visible to the naked eye.

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48

Total Magnification

The overall magnification of an image, calculated by multiplying the magnification of the objective lens by the magnification of the ocular lens.

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49

Resolution

The ability of a microscope to distinguish between two points that are close together.

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50

Refractive Index

A measure of the bending ability of light as it passes through a medium.

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51

Brightfield Illumination

A microscopy technique where dark objects are visible against a bright background.

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52

Darkfield Microscopy

A technique that makes light objects visible against a dark background, using a special condenser.

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53

Phase-Contrast Microscopy

Allows examination of living specimens by bringing together direct and diffracted light rays.

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54

Differential Interference Contrast (DIC) Microscopy

Uses two light beams and prisms to enhance the contrast and color of the specimen.

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55

Fluorescence Microscopy

A method that uses UV light and fluorescent substances to illuminate specimens.

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56

Confocal Microscopy

Uses a laser to illuminate a single plane of a specimen and construct a three-dimensional image.

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57

Two-Photon Microscopy

A technique that uses long-wavelength light to excite fluorescent dyes in thick specimens.

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58

Electron Microscopy

Uses electrons instead of light to visualize small objects, offering greater resolution.

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59

Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM)

A type of electron microscopy that passes electrons through ultra-thin sections of a specimen.

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60

Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM)

Provides three-dimensional images by scanning the surface of a specimen with a beam of electrons.

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61

Scanning Tunneling Microscopy

Uses a tungsten probe to reveal details of a specimen's surface at near-atomic resolution.

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62

Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM)

Uses a metal-and-diamond probe to produce detailed three-dimensional images of a specimen.

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63

Simple Stains

Use of a single basic dye to enhance visualization of the entire microorganism.

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64

Gram Stain

A differential stain that classifies bacteria into gram-positive and gram-negative based on cell wall structure.

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65

Acid-Fast Stain

Identifies mycobacteria based on their waxy cell wall that resists decolorization.

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66

Negative Staining

A staining technique that colors the background rather than the cells, highlighting capsules.

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67

Endospore Staining

A method to visualize internal, dormant structures in bacteria that are resistant to staining.

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68

Flagella Staining

A technique to thicken and visualize flagella, the structures that enable bacterial locomotion.

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