Microbiology Lecture Dr. Harold Kay Njemanze HCC Final Exam Review

Definition of pathogens*

"disease causing organism"..

.Parasitic Microorganisms Parasites live in or on the body of a

host, which they usually harm to some degree. Parasites inclined to

cause damage to tissues (disease) or even death

Decomposers*

microorganism that recycle nutrients by breaking down dead matter and waste (saprobes)

Genetic engineering*

When humans manipulate the genes of microorganism

Biotechnology*

the branch of molecular biology that studies the use of microorganisms to perform specific industrial processes

Characteristics of viruses*

1. obligate, intracellular parasites. VIRUSES INFECT EVERYTHING

2. Acellular. not cell-like

3. ultramicroscopic

4. shape may be simple, icosahedral, enveloped, naked, complex, or helical

5. do not have the characteristics of life

6. inactive when outside the host cell

7. basic structure consists of protein shell (capsid) which surrounds a nucleic acid (core)

8. nucleic acid can be either DNA or RNA but never both

9. nucleic acid can be dsDNA, ssDNA, dsRNA, or ssRNA

10. viruses are specific to host cells

11. multiplies by taking control of host cell' metabolic activities

Phylogeny*

the development or evolution of a particular group of organisms. The first phylogenetic trees of life were constructed on the basis of

just two kingdoms (plants and animals).

Helminthes*

worms: Tapeworms, flukes, and roundworms

Taxonomic hierarchy*

...The formal system for organizing,

classifying, and naming living things.

Bioremediation*

...This process involves the introduction of microbes into the environment

to restore stability or to clean up toxic pollutants. "Which process involves the deliberate alteration in an organism's

genetic material?"

Six I's of studying microbiology*

1.Inoculation

2.Incubation

3.Isolation

4.Inspection

5.Information gathering

6.Identification

Types of microbial media*

selective

enriched

differential

Medium for fastidious bacteria*

enriched medium

Selective medium*

medium that encourage the growth of one species.

Differential medium*

...allowing the growth of more than one microbe while using physical properties to identify it

Medium with thioglycolic acid*

Reduce oxygen concentration to test for anaerobic microbes

Mannitol salt agar*

is used to identify staph. It is a form of selective media.

Resolving power/resolution*

clarity. minimal distance between two objects and which objects are still indistinguishable as separate objects

macronutrient*

...required in relatively

large quantities and play principal roles in cell structure and metabolism.

Examples of macronutrients are proteins, carbohydrates,

and other molecules that contain carbon, hydrogen, and

oxygen.

Micronutrient*

...or trace elements, such as manganese,

zinc, and nickel are present in much smaller amounts and are involved

in enzyme function and maintenance of protein structure.

What constitutes a micronutrient can vary from one microbe to

Trace element*

...a micronutrient

Phototroph*

.microbes

that photosynthesize "the term _____ refers to an organism that gets energy from sunlight"

Heterotrophy*

an organism that depends on other sources for its carbon

Chemotroph*

microbes that OXIDIZE chemical compounds. "an organism that uses chemicals for energy, rather than light"

Methanogen*

which produce methane (CH4) from hydrogen gas and carbon dioxide

Saprobes*

an organism that lives

on DEAD organic matter

Diffusion*

molecular movement: atoms or molecules move in a gradient from an area of higher density or concentration to an area of lower density or concentration

Osmosis*

Diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane

Endocytosis*

the movement of large masses of material across membranes

The use of energy by a cell to enclose a substance in its membrane by forming a vacuole and engulfing it is called

Contractile vacuole*

it has water, or _____ that siphons excess water back out into the habitat like a tiny pump

Psychrophile*

survives in extreme cold.

microorganism that has an

optimum temperature below 15°C and is capable of growth at 0°C.

It is obligate with respect to COLD and generally cannot grow above

20°C.

Thermoduric*

These microorganisms like VERY high temperature.

Metabolism*

all chemical reactions in the body

Apoenzyme*

polypeptide or protein) component

Holoenzyme*

A conjugated enzyme, sometimes referred to as a

_____,* is a combination of a protein, now called the

apoenzyme, and one or more cofactors

Coenzyme*

organic molecules

Extremozyme*

...enzymes from microbes that live under rigorous

conditions of temperature, pH, salt, and pressure.

Salversan is used to treat what*

first effective therapy for syphilis

Broad spectrum drugs*

...affect a wider range of microbes. The targets of

antibiotics in the tetracycline group, for example, are a variety of

gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria, rickettsias, mycoplasmas,

and even protozoa.

Narrow spectrum drugs*

...drugs affect a small range of microbes,

How do Penicillin/cephalosporins work?*

Inhibit cell wall biosynthesis

target the peptide cross-links in the peptidoglycan, thereby disrupting

its integrity.

Sulfonamides*

sulfa drug

Metabolic pathway

Aminoglycolsides*

-inhibits protein synthesis at the 30s site of ribosome.

-(eg. streptomycin, amikacin, tetracycline)

-Streptomycin may be toxic and damaging to the nervous system if given over a long period of time.

Chemicals that inhibit beta-lactamase enzyme*

clavulanic acid

Treatment for gram negative rods*

..."Gentamicin," aminoglycosides

Drugs for tuberculosis*

isoniazid

Fluoroquinolones*

nucleoid region - inhibits transcription/translation

What are macrolides?*

-inhibits protein synthesis at the 50s site of ribosome.

-Very good broad spectrum drugs.

-Not destroyed by penicillinase enzyme.

-May be used as an alternative to penicillin.

(eg. erythromycin, chloramphenicol, clindamycin and oxazolidinone.)

Drug that causes aplastic anemia, maybe used to treat typhoid fever*

chloramphenicol

Drugs for systemic fungal infection*

nystatin, amphotericin B

Resident flora of the skin*

...notably Staphylococcus,

Corynebacterium, and Propionibacterium

Resident flora of the intestine*

...anaerobic bacteria (Bacteroides,

Bifidobacterium, Fusobacterium, and Clostridium). Coliforms*

such as Escherichia coli, Enterobacter, and Citrobacter

What are infectious diseases?*

...AIDS or syphilis. 5. Nosocomial infections are infectious diseases that originate

in the hospital or clinical setting.

When do infections occur?*

when microbes start to multiply

Mebendazole, niclosamide, and ivermectin are drugs used to treat what type of infections*

helminthes

What drugs are used for protozoan infections?*

metronidazole (Flagyl), quinicrine (a quinine-based drug), sulfonamides, and tetracyclines.

What is the drug used against intestinal anaerobic bacteria, that can also alter normal flora causing antibiotic-associated colitis.*

...Oral therapy with tetracyclines, clindamycin, and broad-spectrum

penicillins and cephalosporins is associated with a serious and

potentially fatal condition

What is the antifungal drug that can be used to treat serious systemic fungal infections?*

Amphotericin

Examples of Antimicrobics that are macrolides*

erythromycin, chloramphenicol, clindamycin and oxazolidinone.

...clarithromycin and azithromycin.

What is the drug that can cause aplastic anemic, and is used to treat typhoid fever and brain abscesses*

...chloramphenicol

Important characteristics of antimicrobic drugs.*

-Broad-Spectrum,

-availability

-affordable

-soluble

-prevent the development of antibiotic-resistant forms,

-minimal side effects,

-not destroy the bodies normal flora,

-should not be inactivated with the body's stomachs acids,

-must not be inactivated by binding with blood proteins,

-sufficiently high concentration

-target the area of infection

What type of drugs are Sulfonamides*

metabolic pathway

Sulfonamides (Sulfa drugs aka PABA)

Trimethoprim

What are Aminoglycosides*

-inhibits protein synthesis at the 30s site of ribosome.

-(eg. streptomycin, amikacin, tetracycline)

-Streptomycin may be toxic and damaging to the nervous system if given over a long period of time.

What do Ampicillin, amoxicillin, mezlocillin, and penicillin G have in common?*

...All of the cillin drugs are relatively mild and well tolerated

because of their specific mode of action on cell walls (which

humans lack).

A chemical that inhibits beta-lactamase enzymes is called what.*

...Ceftriaxone

(rocephin)

What is the mode of action for antiviral drugs?*

Suppress replication

Acyclovir is used to treat what?*

herpes, chicken pox

What is drug susceptibility?*

tests that determine a microbe's vulnerability to antimicrobial drugs by exposing a standardized concentration of organism to specific concentrations of antimicrobial drugs

What is MIC?*

...The MIC (minimum inhibitory concentration) identifies the smallest effective

dose of an antimicrobic toxic to the infecting microbe.

What is therapeutic index (TI)?*

the relationship between drug efficacy and its side effect. NO PERFECT DRUG, rather we have IDEAL DRUGS.

What are allergic reactions?*

In some cases, your immune system will defend against substances that typically don't pose a threat to the human body. These substances are known as allergens. doesn't cause a reaction in most people..

What is a superinfection?*

...An infection occurring during

antimicrobic therapy that is caused by an

overgrowth of drug-resistant microorganisms.

What is a semisynthetic antibiotic?*

a drug which is chemically modified in the laboratory after being isolated from natural sources.

Examples of resident flora of different parts of the body.*

Strepto, E coli, candida albicans, Herpes simplex I

Where is vitamin K produced in the body?*

large intestine

What does STORCH stand for?*

syphilis, toxoplasmosis, other diseases, rubella, cytomegalovirus,

and herpes simplex virus.

What are exotoxins?*

Toxin secreted by bacteria

What are enterotoxins?*

a protein exotoxin released by a microorganism that targets the intestines

What are different stages of infection, for example - prodromal stage?*

...disease:

the incubation period, the prodromium, the period of invasion, and

the convalescent period.

What is inflammation?*

Reaction to entry of microbe or physical injury

When does the human body begin to be colonized by its normal flora?*

Birth

prokaryotes*

•microscopic

•unicellular organisms

•lack nuclei

•smaller cells

•lack membrane-bound organelles

•simple structure

•have cell walls

all microorganism are best defined as organism that*

are too small to be seen with the unaided eye

which activity is an example of biotechnology*

using microorganisms in the production of foods, new substances, such as vaccines, antibiotics and vitamins

which of the following is a unique characteristic of virus that distinguished them from major groups of microorganism

lack cell structure

which of the following is not a process of the scientific method

belief in the preconceive idea

Spontaneous generation is the belief that*

living thing arise from non-living matter

Which of the following is a taxon that contains all the other taxa listed

kingdom

select the correct descending taxonomic hierarchi

a. family, order, class

b. family, genus, species

c. genus, species, family

d. class, phylum, order

b. family, genus, species

which disease is transmited by mosquitos

malaria

when microbes are introduced into the enviroment to restore stability, the process is called

bioremedetion

All organism are parasites

T or F

False

The scientific name ______ is involved in the identification, classification, and naming of organism

taxonomic

_______ is the area of biology that states that living things undergo gradual structural and functional changes over long periods of time

evolution

living things that are too small to be seen with the unaided eye are

microorganism

______ are the group of microorganism composed only of hereditary material wrapped in a protein covering

viruses

The scientific method involves formulating a tentative explanation, called the hypothesis, to account for what has been observed or measured

T or F

True

A hypothesis must be tested before it's considered a theory

T or F

True

in the metric system distance is measured in

meters/kilometers

weight is measured in

grams/kilograms

volume is measured in

liters/mililiters