A & P Chapter 3 - Cell Formation + Function

squamous

flat cells

polygonal

irregularly angular shapes, multiple sides

stellate

star-like

columnar

column shaped

fusiform

tapering at both ends

fibrous

threadlike

transmembrane proteins

proteins that span membrane

peripheral

adhere to inner membrane

second messenger

signal molecule in cytoplasm

channel proteins

gates of cell

ligand

molecule, binds to receptor

voltage-gated ion channels

open in response to changes in membrane potential

carriers

transport solutes through membrane

molecular motors

proteins, use energy to move, mechanical work

glycocalyx

id card; cell recognition, cushions membrane

glycoprotein

forms glycocalyx

second messenger

binds to receptor, sends g-protein, g-protein removes P group, ATP --> cAMP, activates kinases

microvilli

bumps, increase surface area

cilia

hairlike projections, wave pattern

motile cilia

beats in waves

power stroke

push mucus

recovery stroke

return of myosin head

axoneme

structure of cilia and flagella

dynein

motor protein, drives cilia/flagella movement

filtration

using hydrostatic pressure; passive, non-carrier

simple diffusion

high ---> low concentration; passive, non-carrier

concentration gradient

concentration differs across gradient

osmosis

diffusion of water, selectively permeable; passive, non-carrier

aquaporins

proteins, facilitate water transport

osmotic pressure

external pressure needed to stop osmosis

osmole

1 mole of dissolved particles

osmality

osmoles/kg water

osmolarity

osmoles/l of solution

mOsm/L

milliosmoles per liter

tonicity

ability of solution to affect pressure/volume

hypotonic

lower concentration of solute

hypertonic

higher concentration of solute

isotonic

equilibrium of solute

lyse

cell bursting

crenate

cell shrivels

.9% NaCl

isotonic

specificity

what substances carriers bind to

saturation

concentration increases, rate/transport increases

uniport

one plus solute transported

symport

two plus solutes transported

antiport

two solutes transported, opposite directions

facilitated diffusion

passive, carrier, down concentration gradient

active transport

active, carrier, molecule across, against gradient

Na+/-K+ pump

active transport, carrier = ATPase, 1 ATP, 3 Na+ out, 2 K+ in

vesicular transport

transport of large particles

phagocytosis

cell eating

neutrophils

WBC, engulfs bacteria with phagosome; phagocytosis

pinocytosis

cell drinking

pinocytotic vessel

folds membrane, allows ECF + droplets

receptor-mediated endocytosis

selective; ECF binds receptor, forms clathrin-covered vesicle

Clathrin-coated vesicles

transports ECF + fluid in, directs

familial hypercholesterolemia

cells absorb less cholesterol; remains in blood

transcytosis

capture and transport into cell

exocytosis

secretory vesicle creates dimple, discharges substance

nuclear pores

on envelope; conduct traffic

nucleoplasm

fluid in nucleus

endoplasmic reticulum

synthesizes steroids/lipids, detoxifies, makes membranes

rough ER

ER with ribosomes

smooth ER

ER without ribosomes

ribosomes

protein synthesis, reads mRNA, makes amino acids

golgi complex

packages, distributes protein

golgi vessicles

carry products

lysosomes

uses digestive enzymes to hydrolyze

autophagy

digestion of organelles

autolysis

digestion of surplus cells

peroxisomes

detoxify, neutralize free radicals

cristae

folds in mitochondria

mitochondrial matrix

enclosed by inner membrane

centrioles

organizes cell division

cytoskeleton

network of protein; shape, structure, organize, move cell

microfilaments

form membrane skeleton, phospholipids on top

intermediate filaments

2x thicker than microfilaments

microtubule

hold organelles, form bundles, cellular guides

protofilaments

chains of tubulin; form microtubules

tubulin

form protofilaments, microtubules

inclusions

stores cellular products or foreign bodies