SS Test 5/5/25 - Hellenistic Age

Zeus

King of the Greek Gods and God of lightning, thunder, and rain

Hera

Wife of Zeus and Goddess of marriage

Hephaestus

God of craftsmanship and fire

Hades

God of wealth and ruler of the underworld

Poseidon

God of the sea, earthquakes, and giver of horses to humanity

Hestia

Goddess of the hearth

Demeter

Goddess of agriculture (crops)

Apollo

God of the sun, music, prophecy, archery, and medicine

Hermes

God of messengers

Artemis

Goddess of hunting, the moon, and protector of women in childbirth

Pan

God of shepherds

Ares

God of war

Athena

Goddess of strategic warfare, wisdom, and namesake of Athens

Hebe

Goddess of youth

Heracles

Greek hero and son of Zeus and Alcmene completed the twelve labors

Perseus

Greek hero that defeated Medusa and was the son of Zeus and Danae

Aphrodite

Goddess of love, beauty, and fertility and was the daughter of Zeus and Dione. Other stories say she was born from sea foam after Uranus was chopped up.

Dionysus

God of wine and fertility and all early plays were dedicated to him as the son of Zeus and Semele

Titans

Cronus, Rhea, Uranus, and Gaea were rulers over the world prior to the Gods.

Midas

King given the Golden Touch by Dionysus

Arachne

Turned into a spider by Athena

Lyre

Musical instrument created by Hermes

Tragedy

Form of Drama with a sad ending

Comedy

Form of Drama with a happy ending

Aeschylus

Created the play by adding characters and wrote about Agamemnon's return home after the Trojan War

Sophocles

Added painted backdrops for scenery and wrote Oedipus Rex and Antigone

Aristophanes

Wrote early comedies with political themes

Euripedes

Wrote about the truth of war and used strong female characters

Archimedes

Pi, solid geometry, water displacement, lever and fulcrum

Pythagoras

Created a theorem that states that the square of the hypotenuse (the side opposite the right angle) is equal to the sum of the squares of the other two sides for a triangle

Aristotle

Created the classification of species using four causes along with the third step to the scientific method. He was a student of Plato and teacher to Alexander the Great

Plato

Philosopher that taught biology and wrote the Apology along with the Republic. Student of Socrates and teacher to Aristotle.

Socrates

Philosopher that believed in self examination through questioning

Sophists

Groups of paid traveling teachers that thought there was no absolute right or wrong

Hippocrates

Father of modern medicine that created an oath all doctors must follow

Euclid

Created plane geometry

Thales

Created the first two steps of the scientific method, along with predicting a solar eclipse around 585 BCE and measured the height of the Great Pyramid using shadows

The Cave

Story created by Plato to describe why people should not trust their senses.

Academy

Plato's school that focused on biology, political theory, math, and philosophy

Lyceum

Aristotle's school where students studied biology outside walking around

Peripetetic

Walking around

Ptolemy

Mapped our forty-eight constellations

Doric

Most simplistic form of Greek column and they are featured in the Parthenon

Ionic

Greek column with scrolls at the top and rings around the base.

Corinthian

Greek column with flowers or plants growing out of the top

Stade

Original Olympic event where runners would sprint the length of the stadium.

Boxing

Original Olympic event where opponents were chosen at random with no weight class and the goal was to knock the opponent out or have them admit defeat.

Wrestling

Original Olympic event where you wanted to throw your opponent onto their hip, back, or shoulder three times.

Discus

Original Olympic event that was part of the Pentathlon and involved throwing an object made of stone, bronze, or iron depending on the time period.

Javelin

Original Olympic event that was part of the Pentathlon that showed how far an athlete could potentially throw a spear.

Jumping

Original Olympic event that was part of the Pentathlon where athletes would tie weights to their legs to increase distance and height upon competition.

Pancratium

Olympic event combining boxing and wrestling

Chariot Racing

Olympic event involving two or four house teams racing around a track

Equestrian

Olympic event involving horse riding and racing

Pyramids at Giza

Ancient wonder of the world that was built by King Khufu in the fourth dynasty of Egypt and is still standing.

Hanging Gardens of Babylon

Ancient wonder of the world found on the Euphrates River

Statue of Zeus

Ancient wonder of the world located in Olympia Greece dedicated to the King of the Gods.

Colossus of Rhodes

Ancient wonder of the world that was 110 foot tall statue that welcomed travelers to the small Greek island.

Temple of Artemis

Ancient wonder of the world dedicated to the Goddess of the hunt

Mausoleum at Halicarnassus

Ancient wonder of the world that was used as a burial for a king in what would be modern day Turkey.

Lighthouse of Alexandria

Ancient wonder of the world featured on Pharos Island in Egypt

Mount Olympus

Home of twelve of the Greek Gods/Goddesses

Oracle

Has the ability to communicate with the Gods to foresee the future.

Delphi

Location for a temple to Apollo and the most famous oracle

Parthenon

Temple to Athena used as a treasury in Athens featuring Doric columns and a frieze

Herodotus

Father of History

Thucydides

Greek historian and primary source of the Peloponnesian War

Philip II

Macedonian king and father to Alexander the Great that defeated Athens and Thebes

Epaminondas

Held Philip II hostage in Thebes

Legacy

What you leave behind when you die

Thebes

Major Greek city-state that faced off against Philip II with the help of Athens

Methone

Battle at which Philip II lost an eye

Chaeronea

Battle where Philip II and his eighteen year old son Alexander defeated Athens and Thebes to conquer Greece

Bucephalus

Alexander's horse.

Alexander the Great

Macedonian king and one of the greatest military minds of all time responsible for spreading Greek culture more than any other person

Olympias

Mother of Alexander the Great

Granicus

River Alexander the Great crossed to fight the Persian Empire

Issus

Battle where Alexander defeated Darius III

Darius III

Persian King

Barsine

Persian wife of Alexander the Great

Cleopatra

Wife of Philip II and daughter of General Attalus

Roxane

Wife of Alexander the Great

Alexandria

Capital of Alexander's empire located in Egypt that would become the cultural center of the Hellenistic Age

Demosthenes

Athenian lawyer that spoke about the dangers of Philip II

Hostage

A person held captive against their will

Epicureanism

Philosophy that taught that happiness was the goal of life and you should do whatever would make you happy

Stoicism

Philosophy that taught that doing your job and your social responsibilities would make you happy.

Eratosthenes

Head of the Library at Alexandria, Egypt that calculated the circumference of the Earth as well as the distance from the Earth to the Sun

Syllogisms

Logic based statements that combined two like thoughts to make a third concluding statement developed by Aristotle

Four Causes

Material, Efficient, Formal, and Final were what Aristotle used to classify species

Philip II

Macedonian king who united Greece through conquest.

Phalanx

Military formation used by Macedonians for advantage.

Battle of Methone

Event where Philip II lost an eye.

Demosthenes

Orator who criticized Philip II's reign.

Political Alliances

Philip II married seven women for strategic reasons.

Cleopatra

Philip II's wife of pure Macedonian blood.

Olympias

Alexander's mother, involved in Philip's assassination plot.

Battle of Chaeronea

Decisive victory for Philip and Alexander against Greeks.

Pausanias

Assassin of King Philip II during a celebration.

Alexander the Great

Son of Philip II, continued his father's conquests.