CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM

C7

benzodiazepine: An electronegative (EN) atom at the [___] increases activity.

substituent at N1, carbonyl group at C2

benzodiazepine: to maintain basic activity, substitutions are strictly required at the [_______] positions on Ring B.

5-phenyl ring

Benzodiazepines: Baseline molecule activity is enhanced by the presence of a [_______] attached at position 5 (Ring C).

2’/6’ (ortho)

Benzodiazepines: An Electron-Withdrawing Group (EWG) attached at the [_______] positions of Ring C will increase activity.

4’ (para)

Benzodiazepines: An Electron-Withdrawing Group (EWG) attached at the [_______] position of Ring C will decrease activity.

-OH at C3 of Ring B

Benzodiazepines: Adding a(n) [______] increases polarity and shortens the half-life

fourth heterocyclic ring

Benzodiazepines: A [_______]. reduces duration when attached across atom 1 and 2.

Triazolam

Benzodiazepines: [_______] is the short-acting agent with a fused triazole ring.

Midazolam

Benzodiazepines: [_______] is the short-acting agent with a fused imidazole ring.

Diazepam

Benzodiazepines: Lacking both a 3-OH and a 4th ring makes [_______] a long-acting agent.

5,5-disubstituted

Barbiturates: To exhibit sedative-hypnotic activity, the C5 position must be [_______].

C2 position

Phenothiazines: An electronegative atom is essential to increase activity when placed at the [_______].

3-atom unbranched

Phenothiazines: The optimal linker length at the N-10 alkyl side chain is a [_______] chain.

Tertiary

Phenothiazines: To ensure antipsychotic action, the terminal nitrogen amine is always [_______].

Aliphatic

Phenothiazines: -promazine belongs to the [_______] structural subtype based on its terminal nitrogen.

Piperidine

Phenothiazines: -ridazine belongs to the [_______] structural subtype based on its terminal nitrogen.

Piperazine

Phenothiazines: -perazine belong to the highly potent [_______] structural subtype.

Aliphatic

Phenothiazines: The subtype with the highest antiHAM profile but the lowest antipsychotic potency/EPS is [______}

Piperazine

Phenothiazines: The subtype with the highest antipsychotic potency and EPS risk but lowest antiHAM side effects is [_______].

Keto group

Butyrophenones: At the C1 position, a [_______] is optimal for high antipsychotic activity.

Pimozide

Butyrophenones: The C1 keto group can be structurally replaced by a para-F-phenyl group in the drug [_______].

para-position

Butyrophenones: On the left phenyl ring, the most potent molecules have a Fluorine (F) atom attached at the [_______] position.

a. ortho

b. meta

c. para

3-carbon chain

Butyrophenones: Between the C1 carbonyl and the terminal nitrogen, a [_______] is strictly optimal for potency.

Cyclic tertiary

Butyrophenones: Attached at the 4th carbon, a [_______] amino group is essential for activity.

Aryl group

Butyrophenones: The cyclic tertiary nitrogen is usually substituted with a(n) [_______] at its para position.

Desipramine

TCAs: The stimulating, secondary amine metabolite of Imipramine.

-triptyline; desipramine

TCAs: secondary amines end with [______] except for [______]

-pramine; amitriptyline

TCAs: tertiary amines end with [______] except for [_______]

serotonin

TCAs: tertiary versions are more selective against [_____] reuptake.

norepinephrine

TCAs: nor versions are more selective against [_____] reuptake

1. phenol

2. aromatic rings

3. ionized amine

opioid analgesics: opium 3 important binding sites

A and D

Opioids: The absolute minimum ring requirement for opioid analgesic activity consists of rings [_______].

Phenanthrenes or 4,5-epoxymorphinan

Opioids: Structural class containing all five rings (ABCDE)

morphine, codeine, heroin, thebaine

Opioids: Structural class containing all five rings (ABCDE)

Morphinan

Opioids: Structural class featuring rings ABCD (missing ring E)

levorphanol, dextromethorphan

opioids under morphinan

Benzomorphan

Opioids: Structural class featuring rings ABD, acts as a partial mu agonist

pentazocine

opioids under benzomorphan

Phenylpiperidines

Opioids: Structural class containing only rings AD

loperamide, fentanyl, pethidine, diphenoxylate

opioids under phenylpiperidine

Diphenylheptane

Opioids: Structural class featuring ring A only, with methadone serving as the classic example.

Tramadol

Opioids: An atypical agent that uniquely contains only rings A and C.

Increased

Opioids: Converting the C6 hydroxyl to a ketone (oxidation) results in [_______] analgesic activity.

Decreased

Opioids: Converting the phenolic OH to a methoxy group (methylation, like Codeine) results in [_______] analgesic activity.

Heroin

Opioids: [_______] is the drug structurally known as diacetylmorphine or diamorphine.

Increased

Opioids: Acetylation of both hydroxyl groups to form Heroin leads to [_______] brain penetration and activity.

codeine

opioid that is methylated on C6

decrease; increase

Inhaled anesthetics: halogenation causes [_______] in flammability and [_______] in potency

increase; increase

Inhaled anesthetics: Increasing the molecular weight of the halogens used leads to [_______] potency and [_______] side effects.

asymmetric ethers

Inhaled anesthetics: Structural layout (like Isoflurane or Sevoflurane) that is more stable and potent

methoxyflurane

Inhaled anesthetics: Agent noted for being highly potent but carries high risk for nephrotoxicity due to free fluoride release.

10 carbons

Inhaled anesthetics: Increasing the carbon count raises potency until it reaches a maximum cutoff limit of [_______] for linear chains.

8 carbons

Inhaled anesthetics: Increasing the carbon count raises potency until it reaches a maximum cutoff limit of [_______] for cyclic structures.

Na+ channel blocker

Local Anesthetics: The primary mechanism of action involves functioning as a [_______].

lipophilic end; membrane penetration

Local Anesthetics: The aromatic ring portion represents the [_______] which is essential for [________]

hydrophilic end; binding the receptor

Local Anesthetics: The terminal tertiary nitrogen portion represents the [_______] which is essential for [________] in its ionized form

electron-donating group; ortho or para

Local Anesthetics: Adding [_______] to the [_______] position of the aromatic ring results in increased activity.

duration of action

Local Anesthetics: The chemical nature of the intermediate linker primarily influences the drug's [_______].

Esters

Local Anesthetics: Linker class that is highly susceptible to metabolic hydrolysis, resulting in a short half-life.

Amides

Local Anesthetics: Linker class that is resistant to hydrolysis, providing a significantly longer half-life

Benzoic acid

Local Anesthetics: Chemically, ester-linked local anesthetics (like Cocaine) are classified as [_______] derivatives.

Anilide

Local Anesthetics: Chemically, amide-linked local anesthetics (like Lidocaine) are classified as [_______] derivatives.

barbiturates (anticonvulsant)

X = amide

hydantoin (anticonvulsant)

X = amine

oxazolidinediones (anticonvulsant)

X = oxygen

succinimide (anticonvulsant)

X = carbon

phenytoin

ethosuximide

valproic acid

gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)

pregabalin