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Argument:
A set of reasons or evidence offered in support of a conclusion.
Claim:
The main position or point being argued
Conclusion:
The main point or claim an argument attempts to prove.
Premise:
A reason or supporting statement in an argument.
Evidence:
Facts, examples, statistics, or testimony used to support a claim.
Reasoning:
The logical connection between evidence and conclusion.
Warrant:
The logical principle connecting evidence to the conclusion
Counterargument:
An opposing viewpoint that challenges the argument.
Refutation:
Evidence or reasoning that disproves an opposing argument
Concession:
Acknowledging a valid point from the opposing side
Authority:
A knowledgeable or credible source used to support a claim
Credibility:
The trustworthiness or expertise of a source or speaker
Reliable Premise:
A premise that is believable, accurate, and well-supported.
Generalization:
A broad claim based on examples or evidence
Example:
A specific instance used to illustrate or support a generalization
Representative Example:
An example that accurately reflects the larger group being discussed
Counterexample:
An example that challenges or disproves a generalization
Sample:
A smaller group used to represent a larger population
Statistics:
Numerical data used as evidence.
Background Rate:
The overall frequency or probability of something occurring
Analogy:
A comparison between two similar things used to support an argument
Deductive Argument:
An argument in which the conclusion logically follows from the premises
Inductive Argument:
An argument that moves from specific examples to broader conclusions
Inference:
A logical conclusion drawn from evidence or reasoning.
Validity:
The logical strength of an argument’s structure
Fallacy:
An error in reasoning that weakens an argument
Overgeneralization:
A conclusion that extends beyond the evidence provided
Extrapolation:
Extending known information or trends beyond the available evidence.
Impartial Source:
A source without a direct personal stake in the issue
Source Citation:
Information identifying where evidence or information originated
Assertion:
A confident statement presented as true, often without sufficient support
Loaded Language:
Emotionally charged wording intended to influence the audience
Substance:
Actual evidence and reasoning rather than emotional effect alone
Concrete Language:
Specific, vivid language rather than abstract wording.
Concise Language:
Clear and brief wording without unnecessary elaboration
Parallel Strcuture:
Repeating a similar grammatical structure for clarity and emphasis
Transition:
A word or phrase that connects ideas smoothly.
Unfolding Order:
The logical arrangement of ideas within an argument
Rhetoric:
The art of effective communication and persuasion
Rhetorical Situtiaion:
The interaction among speaker, audience, purpose, subject, and context
Speaker:
The voice or creator of the text
Audience:
The intended readers, listeners, or viewers of a text
Purpose:
The writer’s intended goal or desired audience response
Subject:
The main topic or issue addressed
Message:
The central idea or meaning communicated by the text
Context:
The surrounding historical, cultural, social, or political circumstances
Exigence:
The issue, problem, or urgency prompting communication
Text:
Any form of communication that conveys meaning
Rhetorical Analysis:
Examining how a writer or speaker uses rhetorical choices to achieve a purpose
Rhetorical Choice:
A deliberate decision made by the speaker or writer
Appeal:
A persuasive strategy targeting logic, emotion, credibility, or timingA persuasive strategy targeting logic, emotion, credibility, or timing
Ethos:
An appeal based on credibility, trustworthiness, or character
Pathos:
An appeal to emotion:
Logos:
An appeal to logic, evidence, and reasoning.
Kairos:
The strategic use of timing or relevance
Tone:
The speaker’s or writer’s attitude toward the subject or audience
Voice:
The unique personality or style conveyed through language
Style:
The distinctive way language is used
Persona:
The role or identity projected by the speaker or writer
Perspective:
The viewpoint through which ideas are presented
Syntax:
The arrangement of words and sentence structure
Imagery:
Descriptive language appealing to the senses
Allusion:
A brief reference to a person, event, text, or idea outside the work
Hyperbole:
Deliberate exaggeration for emphasis or effect
Strategy:
A planned rhetorical method used to achieve a purpose.
Genre:
The category or type of text
Mode of Discourse:
A category of communication such as narration, exposition, argumentation, or persuasion
Narration:
Telling a story or recounting events
Theme:
The deeper universal idea explored in a text
Thesis:
The central controlling idea or argument
Occasion:
The event or situation giving rise to the text.
Subtext:
The implied or underlying meaning beneath the surface
Discourse:
Written or spoken communication.
Bias:
A preference or prejudice that influences perspective.