BIOCHEMISTRY LC 1

What branch of chemistry studies carbon-based compounds containing carbon-hydrogen (C-H) bonds?

Organic chemistry

What compounds are primarily composed of carbon?

Organic compounds

What does organic chemistry study that contains only carbon and hydrogen atoms?

Hydrocarbons

What are pure organic compounds containing only carbon and hydrogen atoms called?

Hydrocarbons

What branch of chemistry covers non-carbon substances and simple carbon exceptions lacking C-H bonds?

Inorganic chemistry

What is an example of an inorganic substance containing no C-H bond?

Water (H2O)

What is the chemistry of living organisms?

Biochemistry

What studies biology at the cellular and molecular level?

Biochemistry

Why is biochemistry important in medicine?

Because it deals with the human body and different biochemical processes

What four biomolecules have their structures and functions studied in biochemistry?

Lipids, carbohydrates, nucleic acids, and proteins

What principal area of biochemistry involves building and breaking down molecules?

Metabolism

What metabolic process builds large molecules and uses up energy?

Anabolic

What metabolic process breaks down large molecules and releases energy?

Catabolic

What process involves the building of large molecules?

Anabolic process

What process involves breaking down large molecules, such as during digestion?

Catabolic process

What principal area studies how life is replicated and regulation of protein synthesis?

Molecular genetics

What concept in molecular biology includes replication, transcription, and translation?

Central dogma

What process produces multiple DNA copies and maintains genetic information?

Replication

What process converts DNA to RNA?

Transcription

What process converts RNA to proteins?

Translation

What is the basic building block of matter?

Atom

What are formed when two or more atoms unite on the basis of electron structure?

Molecules and compounds

Why do atoms combine together?

To become stable

What chemical rule states that main-group elements tend to bond so that each atom has eight valence electrons?

Octet rule

Which two elements are exceptions to the octet rule and need only 2 valence electrons?

Hydrogen and helium

In which period and group is carbon found?

Period 2 and Group IV

What property of carbon allows it to form four bonds?

Tetravalent

What type of bond involves complete transfer of electrons from one atom to another?

Ionic bond

What are charged atoms produced by complete electron transfer called?

Ions

What positively charged ion results when a metal gives up valence electrons?

Cation

What negatively charged ion results when a nonmetal takes electrons?

Anion

Between what types of elements does an ionic bond typically occur?

Metals and nonmetals

What type of bond results from the sharing of a pair of electrons between two atoms?

Covalent bond

Between what type of elements does a covalent bond usually form?

Nonmetal elements

What are the three possible forms of covalent bonds based on the number of shared pairs?

Single, double, and triple bonds

What is the unequal distribution of charges creating a positive and negative end?

Polarity

What type of covalent bond has an asymmetrical electron distribution?

Polar covalent bond

What is the intrinsic ability of an atom to attract electrons in a covalent bond?

Electronegativity

Who developed the electronegativity scale used in the lesson?

Linus Pauling

Which element has the highest electronegativity with a value of 4.0?

Fluorine

What type of covalent bond occurs between atoms with similar or almost the same electronegativities?

Nonpolar covalent bond

What type of bond occurs when the electronegativity difference is less than 2 units?

Polar covalent bond

What type of bond occurs when the electronegativity difference is more than 2 units?

Ionic bond

What process involves disruption and formation of chemical bonds?

Chemical reaction

What process changes one set of chemicals into another?

Chemical reaction

What are the starting substances in a chemical reaction called?

Reactants

What are the substances formed in a chemical reaction called?

Products

What represents a chemical reaction using chemical formulas and symbols?

Chemical equation

What happens to bonds during chemical reactions?

Bonds are broken and formed

What is the primary site of organic chemical reactions involving multiple bonds?

Pi bonds

What type of bonds form unsaturated organic compounds?

Double and triple bonds

What compounds contain multiple bonds such as double or triple bonds?

Unsaturated compounds

What groups have easy breaking of bonds and allow electrons to form new bonds?

Polar groups

What are the primary sites of organic chemical reactions that are electron-rich?

Nucleophilic centers

What are the primary sites of organic chemical reactions that are electron-poor?

Electrophilic centers

What is a Lewis acid?

Electron pair acceptor

What is a Lewis base?

Electron pair donor

What center is associated with a Lewis acid?

Electrophile center

What are charged organic molecules involved in reactions called?

Reaction intermediates

What is a positively charged carbon with six valence electrons?

Carbocation

What is a negatively charged carbon with a lone pair of electrons?

Carbanion

What species contains an unpaired electron in its outermost shell?

Free radical

What makes a free radical very active?

An unpaired electron

What process involves stealing electrons from other cells and can cause oxidative stress?

Free radical activity

What type of reaction typically occurs in unsaturated compounds and usually results in disruption of multiple bonds?

Addition reaction

What reaction involves breaking double or triple bonds and adding atoms or groups?

Addition reaction

What reaction is the reverse of addition and involves formation of double bonds?

Elimination reaction

What reaction involves removal of atoms or groups, forming a double or triple bond?

Elimination reaction

What reaction involves replacement of one substituent by another?

Substitution reaction

What reaction is common in organic compounds during processes such as halogenation?

Substitution reaction

What reaction involves rearrangement of the structure of a compound?

Rearrangement reaction

What reaction shifts atoms to form a new isomer of the original compound?

Rearrangement reaction

What type of reaction is associated with disruption of multiple bonds and addition of atoms or groups?

Addition

What type of reaction typically forms a double or triple bond by removing atoms or groups?

Elimination

What type of reaction replaces one substituent with another?

Substitution

What type of reaction forms a new isomer by shifting atoms?

Rearrangement

What is the most reactive species among the reaction intermediates discussed?

Free radicals

What condition makes a carbon species a carbanion?

Negative charge with a lone pair of electrons

What force of attraction between molecules influences the properties of organic compounds?

Intermolecular forces of attraction

What theory predicts molecular geometry using valence shell electron pair repulsion?

Valence shell electron pair repulsion theory (VSEPR)

What is the molecular geometry of CHI?

Tetrahedral

What is the molecular geometry of HIO?

Bent or V-shaped

What is orbital hybridization?

Mixing atomic orbitals to form new hybrid orbitals

What are the hybrid orbitals primarily listed in the lesson?

sp¹, sp², and sp³

What structural effect occurs when substituents repel each other when their orbitals overlap?

Steric effects

What structural effect refers to distortion of the electron cloud?

Inductive effects

What structural effect involves pi electron delocalization?

Resonance

What structural effect involves sigma electron delocalization?

CH hyperconjugation

What principle states that substances with similar polarity dissolve one another?

Like dissolves like

What determines the overall solvation capacity of a solvent?

Polarity

What type of solvent dissolves polar solutes?

Polar solvent

What term describes a substance that is water-soluble?

Hydrophilic

What term describes a substance that is lipid-insoluble?

Lipophobic

What type of solvent dissolves nonpolar solutes?

Nonpolar solvent

What term describes a substance that is water-insoluble?

Hydrophobic

What term describes a substance that is lipid-soluble?

Lipophilic

What two factors dictate the polarity of a molecule?

Molecular geometry and individual bonds

What molecule is described as bent-shaped and polar in the lesson?

Ether

What must a polar molecule contain at least one of?

Polar bond

Why may a molecule with polar bonds not necessarily be polar?

Molecular geometry