AP bio

hydrophilic

water loving

hydrophobic

water fearing

nonpolar

no partial charges, don’t mix with water

electronegativity

attraction of an atom for electrons in a covalent bond

cohesion

water molecules sticking to other water molecules

adhesion

water molecules sticking to other surfaces

solute

something dissolved in a solution

solvent

dissolving agent of a solution

solvent

dissolving agent of a solution

polar

molecule with partial charges, mixes with water

cellulose

carbohydrates component of plant cell walls

starch

storage polysaccharide of plants

glycogen

extremely branched polymer of glucose

chitin

structural polysaccharide found in the exoskeletons of arthropods and fungal cell walls.

steroids

made from four rings of carbon atoms, often function as carbons

triacyglycerol

glycerol and three fatty acids, storage in animals

cholesterol

steroid common in cell membranes and many hormones

peptide bond

bonds that connect amino acids

primary structire

chain of amino acids

secondary structure

alpha helix, or beta pleated sheet

tertiary structure

interactions between chains

quarternary structure

result from two or more polypeptide subunits

purines

nitrogenous base including adenine and guarine

pyramidines

nitrogenous base with thymine and cytosol

dehydration synthesis

Condensation reaction where molecules are connected by loss of a water molecule.0

hydrolysis

Reaction where water split into two hydrogens and one oxygen; this breaks a polymer.

anabolism

metabolic pathways that construct molecules, requiring energy

catabolism

metabolic pathways that cut down molecules, releasing energy

naturual selection

A population can change over time if individuals with more fit traits leave more offspring than less fit individuals

evolutionary adaption

an accumulation of inherited characteristics that enhance organism’s ability to survive and reproduce in specific enviroment

artificial selection

humans modifying species for desired traits through selective breeding

homologous structure

Same structure, different function. Comes from common ancestor.

vestigial structures

little to no importance to an organism, but remain from an ancestor

micro evolution

change in genetic makeup of a population from generation to generation

macroevolution

evolutionary change above the species level

population

group of individuals of the same species living in the same area

gene pool

All the genes in a given population at a given time.

population genetice

Study of allele frequency distribution and change under the influence of evolutionary processes.

gene pool

all the genes in a given population at a given time

allele frequency

proportion of an allele in a gene pool

Hardy-Weinberg theorem

Helps measure changes in allele frequencies over time. Provides an "ideal" population to use as a basis of comparison.