cs 130 test 1 (starred only)

module 1, 2, 12, and history

digital literacy (computer literacy)

having a current knowledge and understanding of computers, mobile devices, mobile devices, the web, and related technologies.

computer

an electronic device, operating under the control of instructions stored in its own memory, that can accept data, process the data to product information, and store the information for future use.

data

raw facts, such as texts or numbers.

hardware

the device itself and its components, such as wires, cases, switches, and electronic circuits.

software

consists of programs and apps that instruct the computer to perform tasks.

processes data into meaningful information.

vacuum tubes

first generation of computers; cylindrical glass tubes that controlled the flow of electrons. use and availability were limited due to their large size, amount of power they consumed, heat generated, and how quickly they wore out.

transistors

1960s. generation that replaced vacuum tubes; were smaller, cheaper, and more reliable. they included tape, disk storage, memory, operating systems, and stored programs.

integrated circuits

developed in 1960s, they packed the equivalent of thousands of vacuum tunes/transistors in a silicon chip the size of your thumb.

microprocessor

1971\. the “brains” of a computer; chip that contains a central processing unit.

cpu

central processing unit.

personal computer (pc)

created by IBM in 1981

Internet of Things (IoT)

environment where processors are embedded in every product imaginable (things), and these things communicate with one another via the Internet or wireless networks.

smart devices

a device that can communicate, locate, and predict; part of the IoT.

embedded computer

computer that functions as one component in a larger product, and which has a specific purpose.

they are usually small and have limited hardware on their own but enhance the capabilities of everyday devices.

artificial intelligence (AI)

technological use of logic and prior experience to simulate human intelligence.

has a variety of capabilities, such as speech recognition, virtual reality, logical reasoning, and creative responses.

virtual reality (VR)

the use of computers to simulate a real or imagined environment that appears as a three-dimensional space.

allows users to explore and have a sensory experience through visual and sound effects.

augmented reality (AR)

type of VR that uses an image of an actual place or thing and adds digital information to it.

digital divide

the gap between those who have access to technology and its resources and information, especially on the internet, and those who do not.

natural language processing (nlp)

form of data input in which computers interpret and digitize spoken words or commands.

digital assitants

uses natural language processing to respond to your verbal commands or questions, using search technology to provide answers or perform a task, such as adding an item to a grocery list.

robotics

science that combines engineering and technology to create and program robots.

americans with disabilities act (ADA)

requires any company with 15 or more employees to make reasonable attempts to accommodate the needs of physically challenged workers.

individuals with disabilities education act (IDEA)

requires that public schools purchase or acquire funding for adaptive technologies.

screen reader

technology uses audio to describe the contents of the screen. they can real aloud webpages and documents or provide narration of the computer or device’s actions.

alternate text (alt text)

descriptive test added to an object, such as a picture or drawing.

speech recognition program

user can input data or information verbally.

enterprise computing

use of technology by a company’s employees to meet the needs of a large business.

telecommuting

working from home.

intelligent workplace

uses technology to enable workers to connect to the company’s network, communicate with each other, use productivity software and apps, meet via web conferencing and more.

byod (bring your own device)

employees must use their personal devices to conduct business.

learning management system (lms)

web-based sites where students can check their progress in a course, take practice tests, and exchange messages with their instructor or other students.

computer-aided manufacturing (cam)

used by manufacturers to streamline production and ship products more quickly. with this, robots perform work that is too dangerous, detailed, or monotonous for people.

machine-to-machine learning (m2m)

using computer to computers to monitor computer assembly lines and equipment.

software and apps

companies develop, manufacture and support program for computers, the web, and mobile devices.

technology equipment

companies design, manufacture, and distribute computers, mobile devices, and other tech hardware (chips and cables).

information technology (it) department

responsible for ensuring that all the computer operations, mobile devices, and networks run smoothly. they also determine when and if the organization requires new hardware, mobile devices, or software.

service and repairs

correct issues and provide maintenance, installation, and more customers.

technology sales

must possess general understanding of tech and the products they sell.

training and support

corporate training provides tech training specific to the tasks of the employees of a company.

it consulting

provide tech services to clients based in their specific area of expertise.

system development

analyze and create software, apps, databases, website, etch. identify the business requirements.

web marketing and social media

create social media plans and content

data storage, retrieval, and analysis

data scientists use analytics to understand large amount of data. data forensics examiners use computer evidence to solve crimes.

cybersecurity

knowledge about potential threats to tech.

abacus

tabulating; ancestor of the modern digital calculator.

blaise pascal (1623-1662)

education in languages; learned geometry; discovered sum of triangles is 180; in 1642, created the pascaline.

charles babbage

“father of computers”; difference engine.

ada lovelace (1815-1852)

stepwise sequence of operations; first programmer; concept that numbers could represent entities other than quantity.

hermon hollerith (1860-1929)

engineer and inventor; paper tape; punch cards; helped with us census; major breakthrough that paves way for the invention of the modern digital computer; started IBM with thomas watson sr.

thomas watson sr. (1874-1956)

non-technical; harvard mark 1 calculator; korean war/701 machine; set stage for IBM and modern electronic computers.

alan turing (1912-1954)

deciphered enigma code during wwii; idea of “universal computer,” one that could run any program; known as “turing machine”.

jack kilby

in 1985 invented the integrated circuit.

john von neumann (1903-1957)

“father of modern computers”; ph.d. in math; chemical engineering degree; notes from EDVAC project are foundational for modern computer architecture; major contribution of memory being used to store both instruction and data.

dr. grace hopper (1906-1992)

ph.d. in math; pioneer of computing programming; concept of machine-independent-programming languages; head of committee that developed COBOL, inspired by concept of language being based on english words.

tim berners lee

created the world wide web in 1991.

lower-level languages

assembly and machine.

assembly language

give primitive instructions.

machine language

1s and 0s and hexadecimals.

higher-level languages

high-level and object-oriented.

high-level language

fortran, COBOL, C.

object-oriented language

java, c#.

visicalc

considered the first “killer app” of the computer era (resembled excel).

types of networks

arpanet, ethernet, world wide web, wireless.

arpanet

advanced research project agency

ethernet

wire that connect our computers.

world wide web

interconnected public webpages accessible through the internet.

wireless

sends signals through airwaves, and usually do not require cables; easier to use but less secure.

binary (base 2)

number system that has just two unique digist (0,1).

1 represents on, 0 represent off.

decimal (base 10)

number system that uses 10 digits (0-9).

what we use as humans to count.

hexadecimal (base 16)

number system that uses 16 digits (0-9 & A-F).

“A” represents 10, “B” represents 11, and so on.

internet

a global collection of millions of computer linked together to share information worldwide.

uniform resource locator (url)

address that identifies the location of the page on the internet.

hypertext transfer protocol (http)

most common way to transfer information around the web, to retrieve the page.

ip address

unique number that consists of four sets of numbers from 0 to 225 separated by periods, or dots.

application

software you use to perform a task.

encryption

security method that scrambles or codes data as it is transmitted over a network so it is not readable until it is decrypted.

e-commerce

business transactions on an electronic network such as the internet.

business-to-consumer (b2c)

involves the sale of goods and services to the general public.

consumer-to-consumer (c2c)

occurs when one consumer sells directly to another.

business-to-business (b2b)

consists of businesses providing goods and services to other businesses.

electronic storefront

contains product descriptions, images, and a shopping cart to collect items you want to purchase.

information literacy

the ability to find, evaluate, use and communicate online information.

boolean operators / search operators

characters, words, or symbols that focus the search.

fair use doctrine

allows you to use a sentence or paragraph of text without permission if you include a citation to the original source.

creative commons (cc)

nonprofit organization that helps content creators keep copyright to their materials while allowing others to use, copy, or distribute their work.

ethics

set of moral principles that govern people’s behavior.

cloud computing

providing and using computer tools, such as software, via the internet.

private cloud

could potentially not use the internet.

public cloud

multiple customer use the same, internet-connected cloud.

national institute of standards and technology (nist)

defined five essential characteristics of cloud tech.

on-demand self-service; broad network access; resource pooling; rapid elasticity; measuring service.

SaaS (software as a service) → users

software that is distributed online and sometimes costs a monthly subscription or an annual fee.

PaaS (platform as a service) → application developers

a type of cloud service that allows cloud computers to run their own applications without having to manage underlying services.

IaaS (infrastructure as a service) → network architects

a type of cloud service that allows customers to configure cloud-based networking infrastructure the way the want, such as routing, servers, operating systems, storage spaces, and security settings.

customer relationship management (crm)

a collection of computer services that help companies customize their interaction with customers.

support sales, service, marketing, and many other department in a company.

e-business

any kind of business activity conducted online.

unique selling proposition (usp)

statement about how the company and its products are different and better than the competitions.

machine learning (ml)

AI application uses statistics to learn from new data, identify patterns, and make decisions to progressively improve its performance.

dataset

incoming information provided to an AI system.

many technologies might contribute to a functioning AI system

interactions, actions, processing, perceptions.

interactions

natural language processing; video or optical character recognition; text or speech generation.