Indexing Midterm

Index

• information retrieval tool

• systematic arrangement of entries designed to enable users to locate information in adocument

• mind road maps to both known and unknown information

Indexes

• points users to specific items on topics of interest

• shows users related topics and indicates information trails through vast information stores

Abstract

abbreviated and accuratr representation of the content of the document

Abstract Objective

capture the essential content of the document

Micro-level

concern overselves with specific mechanics of creating an index

Macro-level

put index into larger context of an information retrieval system

Information Retrieval System

• stores records in a file

• accepts requests for information

• searches the file and brings back appropriate information for the user

IR System Purpose

give users the information they need with minimum effort on their part

Web 2.0

foundation for delievering a rich user experience to end users on the web while leveraging the benefits of composite applications, mash up, service-oriented architectures, and ubiquity of the internet

Principles (Mod 1)

• store the information our users might need

• establish a vocabulary of terms for describing them

• assign terms to each specific data item and arrange assigned terms into usable formats to create records

• store the records and set up a file of index terms to access the record

• user expresses request by using terms from common vocabulary and searching the file and matching requests with stored records

• system retrievs and presents the records

Information

patterns imposed in matter and energy

Information is

made up of data organized and interpreted to produce meaning

Wisdom

the process by which we judge between right and wrong

Shannon's Model of Communication

• communication source

• encoder

• channel (noise)

• decoder

• destination

Three Levels of Communication

• physical

• semantic (meaning)

• effectiveness

Information Science

study of information

Information Organization Life-Cycle

• identifying

• organizing

• managing

• preserving

• making content accessible

Subject Cataloging

index that uses pre-coordinated terms which are surrogates

The Classic Information Retrieval Model

• document

• document representation

• match

• query

• information need

restricted language

identify those varieties of a language where the possibilities of novelty and creative variation are minimal, and where all the usage possibilities can be expressed using a very small set of rules

Importance of Linguistics

information is expressed in human language

Selectivity

enables little information to go a long way

perception

process by which living organisms become aware of things and activities around them

Classification

arrangement of similar things into groups or categories

Significance of langauge

• organization of knowledge

• aboutness of linguistic expressions

• representiational componets and their connections

Semantic Relationship

directional links between links

Bibliographic Control

set of processes that effectively organize a body of literature for storage and retrieval

Basic Methods of Bibliographic Control

• descriptive cataloging

• subject cataloging

• classification

• indexing

• abstracting

Principles of Bibliographic Control

• no two documents can be confused with each other

• document should be accessible from a variety of view points

• descriptive details should follow a uniform format

Ontology

theoty of what exists

Taxonomy

practice of classifying things

Nomenclature

set or system of names or terms used to describe the entries in some domain of knowledge

Terminologies

show more interreationships

Vocabularies

controlled set of language labels or terms conntected to a concept in the domain knowledge

Coding

shorthand for representing concepts

Metadata

structured data bout data

Controlled Vocabulary

artifical language that puts an information specialist between the text and the user

Free-Text Vocabulary

allows any word to represent content

Information Store

random collection of records

Authority List

shows the formal relationships between words and spells out how they are to be used

Thesauri

set of terms structured using a small set of semantic relations to indicate the controlled terms for each concepts ans relationships between the terms/concepts

Broader Term

shows hierarchical relationship upward in classification tree

Narrower Term

goes down in classification tree

Related Term

descriptor that can be used in addition to the basic term

Use

preferred descriptor from a nonusable term

Use For

synonyms or variant forms of preferred descriptor

Scope Note

restrict the usage of a descriptor

Keywords

raw words that come from the text

Descriptor

terms that have been defined for the use by the thesaurus

Indentifiers

proper nouns

Preferred Terms

words chosen for the thesaurus

Entry Terms

words that allow the user to enter the vocablary structure

General Indexes

provide access to popular, current, and basic information

Specialized Indexes

provide access to specialized information or technical articles

Electronic Indexes

allows search across multiple indexes over different time periods

Document-Oriented Approach

indexing summarizes or represents the content of a document

User-Oriented Approach

indexing reflects the requests for which a document might be relevant

Exhaustivity

ability to identify most of the good stuff out of the document

Specificity

extent to which an index term precisely represent the subject of an document

Precision

ratio of the number of relevant records retrieved to the total number of irrelevant and relevant records retrieved

Recall

ratio of the number of relevant records retrieved to the total number of relevant records

Information Behavior

deals with the complex ways in which users seek and use informatin to satisfy individual information need

Convenience

situational criterion in people's choices and actions during all stages of the information seeking behavior

Alphabetical Index

names and subject entries are in alphabetical order

Author Index

users are guided to titles of documents by way of authors

Book Index

list of words at back of the book giving a page location of the subject or name associated with each word

Chain Index

type of precoordinated index that represents a chain of concepts that make up a subject

Citation Index

list of documents with a sublist wnder each article of subsequently published documents that cite the document

Classified Index

content arranged systematically by classes or subject headings

Coordinate Index

allow terms to be combined or coordinated

Cumulative Index

combination of a set of indexes over time

Database Index

provides a mapping to needed data

Faceted Index

attempts to discover all the individual aspects of a subject and synthesize them in a way that best describes the subject under disscussion

Hypermedia Index

allows users to thread their way to what they want through electronic nodes and links between those nodes

Extract

condensed version of a document created by pulling sentences directly from the document

Annotation

very short and brief content indicator that quickly describes a document

Executive Summary

preview of main points at the head of a report

Informative Abstract

presents the specific data

Critical Abstract

make value judgements or editorical comment on the document

Telegraphic Abstract

uses keywords from the document with very little syntactic integrity

Slanted Abstract

concentrates on selected portion of the document's subject content

Mission-Oriented Abstract

aimed at specific operation with a specific mission

Discipline-Oriented Abstract

aimed at individual subject areas and discipline

Structured Abstract

follows a set form of subheadings and the abstract writer fills in the blanks

Broad Steps

• analyze the document

• descibe the subject

• translate into indexing language

Known-Item Search Task

when an item is known

Exploratory Search Task

when a subject is the object of the query

Subject Analysis

• correctly interpret the subjects ina document

• ascertain the intent of the author

• predict the information need and searching approach of the potential user

Concept

unit of thought, either concrete or abstract, that can be either real or imaginary

Five Factors that Influence Analysis

• domain of subject and potential user

• major aspects of the text

• clarity of the writing

• complexity of the subject discussed

• bibliographic references

Aboutness

• behavioral reaction of a person to a document

• what the words say and what the words mean

Perceptional Indexing

indexer recognizes the subject directly from what the text says

Conceptual Indexing

Indexer uses known world knowledge

Domain Analysis

process for analyzing a ayatem to find common and mutually variable parts

Domain-Centered Indexing

user's needs are upfront when indexer analyzes the document and selects the terms

Content-Centered Indexing

indexers uses a number of concrete attributes in the document in the indexing process

Indexing Language

controlled vocabulary or classification system and the rules for its application

Assigned-Term

use some intellectual effort to assign term or descriptors on the basis of subjective interpretation of the concepts

Derived-Term

all descriptors are taken from the text itself

Conventional Indexing

indexer examines the text and searches for indexable concepts