AP World History Unit 6 Flashcards

Chinese Exclusion Act

U.S. law prohibiting Chinese laborers from entering or remaining

Mohandas Gandhi

Indian activist who fought against discrimination in South Africa

Porfirio Díaz

Mexican president promoting immigration and development in northern regions

Trinidad and Tobago

Caribbean nation known for significant Indian population

Mauritius

Island nation where Indians worked as indentured laborers

Natal

Region in South Africa with Indian laborers on railways

Guyana

Caribbean country with a large Indian ethnic group

Argentina

South American nation with high Italian immigration and influence

Chinese Immigration Act

U.S. legislation regulating Chinese immigrants' entry

Chinese Immigration Regulation and Restriction Act

Law limiting Chinese immigrants' arrival in specific regions

Influx of Chinese Restriction Act

Legislation imposing entrance taxes on Chinese immigrants

White Australia Policy

Australian immigration policy aimed at maintaining a racially homogenous population

ethnic enclaves

Communities formed by immigrants sharing the same culture and traditions

Natal Indian Congress

Organization founded by Gandhi to address Indian discrimination in South Africa

kangani system

Recruitment method for entire Indian families to work in colonies

Chinatowns

Urban neighborhoods where Chinese immigrants settled, preserving their culture

Scots-Irish

Protestant descendants of Scots who migrated to Ireland and then to America

popular culture

Culture derived from the shared experiences and interests of the broader population

canal system

Network of navigable waterways facilitating transportation and trade

Colonial Service

Government system for managing colonies and administration

Taiping Rebellion

Massive civil war in China (1850-1864) against the Qing dynasty

slavery

Forced labor system, dehumanizing individuals as property

indentured servants

Workers contracted to serve for a specific period for passage or debt

contract laborers

Workers hired under employment agreements, often exploited

Colonization Society

Organization promoting the settlement of surplus population abroad

penal colony

Settlement used for detaining convicts under hard labor conditions

convicts

Individuals sentenced to imprisonment, often transported for labor

diaspora

Large-scale emigration from a homeland, often involuntary

emigrate

To leave one’s country to settle in another

Great famine

Widespread food scarcity, notably in Ireland (1845-1849) leading to mass emigration

Natural Resources

Materials or substances found in nature that can be exploited for economic gain, significant in industrial economies, especially in the 19th century.

Guano

Fertilizer made from seabird droppings, highly sought after in 19th-century agriculture for its nutrient content.

Cotton

A cash crop cultivated for textile production, central to the economy and imperial interests in the 18th and 19th centuries.

Rubber

A latex product sourced from tropical trees, became vital for industry and transportation in the late 19th century.

Palm Oil

An edible oil produced from oil palms, valued in Europe for lubrication and cooking, often cultivated under colonial conditions.

Ivory

Material from elephant tusks, prized for its beauty and used in luxury items, significant in trade during the 19th century.

Copper

A metal essential for electrical applications and manufacturing, mined extensively in areas like Chile and the Congo in the late 19th century.

Tin

A metal used for coating and preserving food, gained importance with the rise of canning and was sourced from various colonies.

Gold

A precious metal sought after for wealth and trade, heavily mined in regions such as South Africa and Australia during the 19th century.

Diamonds

Precious stones valued for their rarity and beauty, became a major industry in Africa in the late 19th century, largely controlled by colonial powers.

Cecil Rhodes

A British imperialist and businessman, influential in the diamond industry and the expansion of British colonies in Africa in the late 19th century.

De Beers Mining Company

A major company founded by Cecil Rhodes, it became the largest diamond mining and trading company in the world.

Cash Crops

Agricultural products grown not for subsistence but for sale, leading to economic transformation in colonized regions during the 19th century.

Export Economies

Economies primarily focused on producing goods for international markets, prevalent in colonial regions during the 19th century.

Monocultures

Agricultural practices of growing a single crop, often harmful to biodiversity and soil health, prevalent in colonial economies.

Railroads

Transportation systems using trains, revolutionized transport and resource extraction in the 19th-century colonial contexts.

Steamships

Ships powered by steam, transformed long-distance transportation and trade in the late 19th century, enabling global commerce.

Telegraph

A communication system invented in the 19th century, allowing instantaneous information exchange over long distances, vital for commerce.

Apartheid

A system of institutionalized racial segregation and discrimination established in South Africa in the 20th century, rooted in colonial policies of the 19th century.

Hierarchy

A social structure where individuals or groups are ranked one above the other, significant in colonial societies and imperial governance.

Economic Imperialism

A practice where foreign business interests dominate local economies, often by exploiting resources and labor for profit, prevalent in the late 19th century.

Colonial Holdings

Territories controlled by an imperial power for economic exploitation and strategic advantage, significant in global trade networks by the 1900s.

Spice Islands

A group of islands in Southeast Asia historical for their valuable spices, key to early European exploration and trade monopolies.

Egypt

A North African territory transformed into an export economy, primarily through cash crops like cotton, under British colonial influence in the 19th century.

Sudan

A region that became economically important for cash crops like cotton and was a focus of British imperial interest during colonial times.

Uganda

An East African territory where cash crops such as cotton were promoted under colonial rule, impacting local agricultural practices.

Kenya

An East African colony where British settlers established large farms, often displacing local populations and focusing on cash crop production.

Gold Coast

Modern-day Ghana, known for cocoa production, became a significant cash crop area under British colonial rule in West Africa.

Argentina

A South American country heavily invested in by Britain, becoming a major exporter of agricultural goods during the 19th century.

Treaty of Nanking

An 1842 agreement ending the First Opium War, forced China to cede territory and open ports for trade, impacting Sino-British relations.

Opium War

A conflict between Britain and China (1839-1842) over British opium trade, highlighting economic imperialism's consequences in East Asia.

Natural Resources

Materials found in nature that are exploited for economic gain, crucial during the industrialization period and economic imperialism.

Opium

A narcotic derived from poppies, became a lucrative trade item for Britain in China, leading to addiction and social issues in the 19th century.

Pampas

Fertile lowlands in Argentina, utilized for large-scale farming, particularly for cash crops, facilitating British investment and export economy.

East India Company

A British trading corporation established in 1600, played a central role in the colonial trade of textiles and opium in Asia.

Economic Imperialism

A system where foreign powers exert control over local economies for profit, often leading to exploitation and transformation of local agriculture.

Culture System

A Dutch colonial policy requiring Indonesian farmers to produce cash crops for export, significantly altering agricultural practices in the 19th century.

Corvée Labor

Unpaid labor imposed by colonial authorities on local populations, often forced into producing cash crops or working on infrastructure projects.

Spheres of Influence

Areas where foreign nations exert control over trade and resources, particularly evident in China during the late 19th century.

Cash Crop

An agricultural product grown primarily for sale and profit rather than for personal consumption, central to colonial economies in Africa and Asia.

Banana Republics

Politically unstable countries in Central America influenced or controlled by foreign corporations, particularly in the export of bananas.

Túpac Amaru II

Leader of 1780 revolt against Spanish rule in Peru.

José Rizal

Filipino nationalist executed in 1896, sparking independence movements.

Samory Touré

West African chieftain opposed French colonization; led resistance until 1898.

Muhammad Ahmad

Declared Mahdi in Sudan in 1881, led anti-British revolt.

Yaa Asantewaa

Warrior queen who led the Asante Empire's resistance against British in 1900.

Balkan Peninsula

Southeastern Europe region, home to nationalist movements against Ottoman Empire.

Philippines

Archipelago that transitioned from Spanish to American control after 1898.

Sokoto Caliphate

Major West African empire, established in 1804, known for trade and governance.

Sudan

Northeastern African region resisted British and Egyptian control in the late 19th century.

Asante Empire

West African kingdom that fought against British colonization in the 19th century.

Ghost Dance

Late 19th-century Native American ritual aimed at restoring indigenous culture and lands.

Indian Rebellion of 1857

Uprising against British rule in India, marking rise of Indian nationalism.

Philippine Revolution

Armed struggle for Philippine independence from Spain, beginning in 1896.

Maori Wars

Series of conflicts between British settlers and Maori in New Zealand during the 19th century.

Xhosa Cattle Killing Movement

1856 action by Xhosa to expel British settlers, resulting in famine.

Proclamation of 1763

British decree reserving land for Native Americans, ignored by settlers after independence.

Indian Removal Act

1830 law facilitating the relocation of Native Americans, notably the Cherokee, to Oklahoma.

Indian National Congress

Established in 1885 to advocate for Indian self-governance and rights under British rule.

Cherokee nation

Indigenous group in the U.S. that attempted cultural assimilation but faced displacement.

Aboriginal

Indigenous people of Australia, possessing a continuous culture for 50,000 years.

Maori

Indigenous Polynesian people of New Zealand, resisting British encroachment in the 19th century.

Xhosa

Indigenous people of southern Africa, engaged in resistance against British colonization.

Pan-Africanism

Movement promoting unity and solidarity among African nations and peoples.

sepoys

Indian soldiers employed by the British East India Company, pivotal in the 1857 rebellion.

Raj

British rule in India from 1858 until 1947, directly governed by British authorities

King Leopold II

Belgian monarch responsible for personal rule over the Congo, known for exploitation and brutality.

Cixi

Empress of China who supported anti-foreign movements, notably during the Boxer Rebellion.

Cape Colony

British territory in South Africa, initially seized from the Dutch during the Napoleonic Wars.

Congo Free State

Personal territory of King Leopold II marked by extreme exploitation and violence against indigenous populations.