Chapter 1

What field studies body structures and the relationships among them?

Anatomy

What field studies how body parts function?

Physiology

What principle states that a body part's function reflects its structure?

Complementarity of structure and function

What is the simplest level of structural organization in the body?

Chemical level

Which level of organization consists of two or more tissue types performing a specific function?

Organ level

What is the correct order of organization from simplest to most complex?

Chemical → cellular → tissue → organ → organ system → organism

Which survival need is required for the release of energy from food?

Oxygen

Which survival need acts as the body's major solvent and participates in chemical reactions?

Water

What term describes the body's relatively stable internal environment?

Homeostasis

Homeostasis is best described as what type of state?

Dynamic equilibrium

Which component of a homeostatic control system detects a change?

Receptor

Which component of a homeostatic control system determines the appropriate response?

Control center

Which component actually carries out the response ordered by the control center?

Effector

Information traveling from a receptor toward a control center follows what pathway?

Afferent pathway

Information traveling from a control center toward an effector follows what pathway?

Efferent pathway

Which type of feedback reduces or reverses the original change?

Negative feedback

Which type of feedback strengthens the original stimulus?

Positive feedback

Which pair are Goode's major examples of positive feedback?

Labor contractions and blood clotting

Which feedback mechanism regulates most body systems?

Negative feedback

In anatomical position, how are the palms oriented?

Forward

Which directional term means toward the head or upper part of the body?

Superior

Which directional term means toward the feet or lower part of the body?

Inferior

The nose is what relative to the cheeks?

Medial

The thumb is what relative to the ring finger in anatomical position?

Lateral

The wrist is what relative to the hand?

Proximal

The knee is what relative to the thigh?

Distal

Which plane divides the body into right and left portions?

Sagittal plane

Which plane divides the body into anterior and posterior portions?

Frontal plane

Which plane divides the body into superior and inferior portions?

Transverse plane

Which major body cavity contains the brain and spinal cord?

Dorsal body cavity

Which cavity directly contains the brain?

Cranial cavity

Which cavity directly contains the spinal cord?

Vertebral cavity

Which muscle separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominopelvic cavity?

Diaphragm

Which cavity surrounds each lung?

Pleural cavity

Which cavity surrounds the heart?

Pericardial cavity

What is the primary function of serosal fluid?

Reduce friction between moving organs

Which serous membrane layer directly covers an organ?

Visceral layer

Which serous membrane layer lines the cavity wall?

Parietal layer

Which cavity contains the urinary bladder and internal reproductive organs?

Pelvic cavity

Which cavity contains the stomach, liver, spleen, and most of the intestines?

Abdominal cavity