Lecture 10 & 11: Cellular Respiration and Photosynthesis

What molecule is this?

ADP

What molecule is this?

ATP

What is phosphorlyation?

adding phosphate

What is the process of breaking down glucose in cellular respiration?

1 Glucose —> 2 pyruvate molecules —> (2 CO2 molecules Does not break down) 2 Acetyl CoA —> 4 CO2 molecules

What is the process of building glucose in photosynthesis?

6 CO2 molecules —> 2 G3P molecules —> 1 Glucose molecule

What is the purpose of cellular respiration?

to convert ATP into glucose for energy

What is the purpose of photosynthesis?

to convert

What is the steps of breaking down glucose in cellular respiration?

glycolysis —> pyruvate oxidation —> citric acid cycle —> oxidative phosphorylation

What is the steps of building glucose in photosynthesis?

glycolysis —> light breakdown reaction —> calvin cycle (carbon fixation —> reduction —> regeneration)

What are the enzymes cellular respiration?

NAD and FADH

What are the enzymes photosynthesis?

ATP and NADP

What occurs during glycolysis?

Input: Glucose, NAD Output: Pyruvate, NADH H2O. Produces 2 ATP. Outside in mitochondria

What occurs during pyruvate oxidation?

Input: Pyruvate, NAD, O2 Output: Acetyl-CoA, NADH CO2. Produces 0 ATP. Happens in the matrix

What occurs during citric acid cycle?

Input: Acetyl-CoA, NAD, FAD Output: CO2, NADH, FADH2. Produces 2ATP. Happens in the matrix

What occurs during oxidative phosphorylation?

Input: NADH, FADH2, O2 Output: H+, H2O . Produces 26 or 28 ATP. Happens across the inner membrane

What occurs during carbon fixation?

the first sub step on the calvin cycle, Rubisco puts CO2 with RuBP to form PGA

What occurs during Reduction?

the second sub step on the calvin cycle, phosphate from ATP goes to PGA —> G3P

What occurs during regeneration?

the third sub step on the calvin cycle, remakes RuBP for later so the cycle can repeat

What is the purpose of NAD and FAD?

it holds energy till the end of cellular respiration until the end where ATP is built

What is the purpose of NADP and ATP?

holds energy till the end of photosynthesis

What is the matrix?

it is the cytoplasm of the cell and pyruvate oxidation + citric acid cycle occurs here

What is the inner membrane?

ATP synthase is found here and 3 steps of cellular respiration occur

What is the outer membrane?

glycolysis occurs here

What is the first law of thermodynamics?

Energy is neither created nor destroyed. However, energy can be transformed from one form to another and transferred from one place to another

What is the second law of thermodynamics?

Energy transformations & transfers are never 100% efficient. There is always a loss of usable energy in the form of heat.

What is the difference between energy transfers vs transformation?

transfer is that energy moves from one molecule to another without changing form while transformation energy changes from one form into another

What is a heterotrophs?

organisms that consume other organisms (usually plants/animals) for energy and nutrients

What is a photoautotrophs?

use photosynthesis, meaning they use light to make food

What is a photosynthetic pigments?

a group of chlorophyll molecules (and other pigments) that works as a light gathering antenna.

What is accessory pigments?

they are helpers that send energy to chlorophyll A

What is aerobic respiration?

when there is oxygen in cellular respiration

What is fermentation?

when ATP forms without oxygen that preforms cellular respiration

What is the purpose of fermentation?

if cells do not have oxygen but they have glucose, they can still go through glycolysis to generate ATP

What occurs in lactic acid fermentation?

input: pyruvate, NADH Output: lactic acid, NAD. Occurs in the cytoplasm. Occurs in fungi, bacteria, some animals and humans use it

What occurs in alcoholic fermentation?

input: pyruvate, NADH Output: ethanol, NAD, CO2. Occurs in the cytoplasm. Occurs in fungi and bacteria