CMD 273 final

spectrogram

Portrays Frequency/pitch, time, intensity/amplitude

diacritics

A set of extra marks used to indicate features of a given phoneme

early consonants

/p/, /m/, /w/, /b/, /t/

late consonants

/r/, /s/, /z/, /l/, /ʃ/, /θ/, /ʒ/, /ð/

high frequency (pitch) consonants

/s/, /f/, /p/, /h/, /k/

low frequency consonants

/b/, /m/

high-amplitude consonants

/z/, /r/,

low-amplitude consonants

/p/, /f/, /h/, /θ/

syllabic

When a unstressed vowel nucleus is reduced to the point that the following consonant (coda) becomes the only feature of the syllable

, under consonant

“table     /teɪbəl/ vs \[tebl̩ \]

lateralized

a sound made with a release of air or energy through one or both sides of the mouth

\
k^w

unintelligible syllable

Often means, “I’m not sure how to transcribe that!”

Most people use an asterisk \* to denote an unintelligible syllable 

unreleased

articulatory closure is maintained during stop 

p_ quarter of a square in the top corner

lengthened

\:

\[hi:t\]

shortened

>

\[hi>dɚ\]

primary/ secondary stress

 IPA conventions call for the primary stress in a word to be marked with a small vertical mark in superscript position, before the affected syllable 

Secondary stress is marked with a small vertical mark in subscript position

ex: a’bove

centralized

a sound made with the tongue positioned in the central or mid region of the oral cavity

\-represented with two dots above the sound

nasalized

 Nasalized vowel = \~ over the vowel (not the nasal consonant)

 Denasalized vowel = \~ with a line through it /

dentalized

articulatory variation where the tongue approximates to the upper incisors

“six” \[θɪkθ\] or \[sɪks\] 

n n under consonants

speech errors (SODA)

Substitution, omission, distortion, addition

substitution (SODA)

occurs when a sound is substituted for one, they cannot make yet (“wed” for “red”)

Omission (SODA)

occurs when a sound is left out (“ed” for “red”) (aka deletion)

Distortion (SODA)

occurs when a sound is misarticulated, such as a lateral lisp

Addition (SODA)

occur when an extra sound is added. For example, “galue” for “glue”

articulation disorders

Articulation = how the sound is made by the articulators (e.g., distortions, imprecise articulation, etc.)

Ex: Distortion, lisp

phonological disorders

\
 Phonological = phonology = rules of speech sounds 

Ex: rule base disorder- substituting one sound for another

typical phonological process

\
weak syllable deletion, fronting

atypical phonological process

These can be red flags that there may be something wrong with the child’s phonological system 

o   Initial consonant deletion (“og” for “dog”)

o   Backing (moving front sounds like /t/ and /d/ to the back of the mouth like /k/ and /g/) for example “koy” and “toy”

o   Glottal replacement (“ha?er” for “hammer”)

o   Fricatives replacing stops (“sop” for “top”)

o   Stopping of glides (“darn” fro “yarn”)

o   Vowel error patterns 

o   Favorite/ default sound error

suprasegmental features of speech

\-are considered above the level of the segment

Ex: intonation (pitch patterns), duration, loudness, temp

speech fluency

smoothness by which we connect sounds, syllables, words and phrases

disfluency

the lack of smoothness in sounds, syllables, words and phrases

coarticulation

overlapping of movements in the production of two or more sounds

\-the way that a sound effects the sounds around it (jumped, colored (t vs d end) sound; dogs vs cats (dog is z cat is s))

speech intelligibility

the ability to understand what someone is saying (measured by: rating scales and some sort of math; I understood _ number of words out of _ so their intelligibility is _%)

Monophthong

a pure vowel; that is, a vowel of essentially unchanging phonetic quality throughout its duration.

Ex: need (i), few (u), look (ʊ)

diphthongs

a vowel-like sound that serves as a syllable nucleus and involves a gradual transition from one vowel articulation (onglide) to another (offglide)

Ex: I Only dAte lOUd bOYs; aɪ, oʊ, eɪ, aʊ, ɔɪ

Coda

consonant or set of consonants after the nucleus

Nucleus

vowel in word

nucleus + coda = rhyme

Onset

consonant or set of consonants before the nucleus

function of epiglottis

\-at rest: allowing air to pass into the larynx and lungs

\- when swallowing the epiglottis folds backward to cover the entrance of the larynx so food and liquid do not enter the windpipe and lungs

Minimal pairs

 a pair of words differing only by one phoneme in the same position in each word; evidence for the existence of a phonemic contrast between the two sounds

Where does air pass through when taking a breath through nose

nose, nasal cavity, nasopharynx, pharynx,larynx, trachea