Science Class 10 - Important Activities and Experiments (Notes)

A set of vocabulary flashcards covering key terms and concepts from the lecture notes on chemical reactions, acids and bases, metals and non-metals, respiration, reproduction, light optics, electricity, and magnetism.

Magnesium oxide

White powder formed when magnesium burns in air; oxide layer on magnesium is removed with sandpaper to allow effective burning.

Quick lime

Calcium oxide (CaO); produced by calcination of calcium-containing material; reacts with water to form slaked lime.

Slaked lime

Calcium hydroxide Ca(OH)2 formed when quick lime reacts with water; product of a combination reaction.

Ferrous sulfate decomposition

On heating, green ferrous sulfate decomposes to ferric oxide (brown) and sulfur dioxide; color change indicates decomposition.

Photochemical decomposition of silver chloride

Silver chloride decomposes in light to solid silver (grey) and chlorine gas.

Hydrogen gas (cathode)

Gas produced at the cathode during electrolysis; burns with a characteristic ‘pop’ upon ignition.

Oxygen gas (anode)

Gas produced at the anode during electrolysis; does not burn under the same conditions as hydrogen.

Silver chloride (AgCl)

Compound that decomposes under light to form silver and chlorine gas; solid Ag appears grey.

Salt (ionic compound)

Ionic compound formed from acid-base neutralization; hard, brittle; high melting point; soluble in water and conducts electricity in solution.

Metals (general properties)

Elements that typically have lustre, hardness, malleability, ductility, and high electrical and thermal conductivity.

Reactivity series (calcium to copper)

Order of metal reactivity: Ca > Mg > Al > Zn > Fe > Pb > Cu; influences reactions with acids and water.

Flame colors of elements

Sodium yields yellow flame; Magnesium white; Aluminum silver-white; Copper flame is blue.

Base

Substance that turns red litmus blue; reacts with acids in neutralization to form water and a salt.

Calcium hydroxide

Ca(OH)2; produced when calcium oxide reacts with water; a strong base.

Lime water test

A solution of calcium hydroxide that turns milky in the presence of CO2 due to calcium carbonate formation.

Sodium hydroxide (NaOH)

Strong base; dissolution is exothermic; used in neutralization demonstrations.

Phenolphthalein

pH indicator that turns pink in basic solutions and becomes colorless in acid; pink color indicates basicity.

Hydrochloric acid gas behavior (HCl)

Dry HCl gas does not change litmus; when dissolved in water or humid, it forms an acidic solution turning blue litmus red.

Carbon dioxide and lime water

CO2 turns lime water milky; explains respiration and gas exchange measurements.

Exothermic reaction

A reaction that releases heat; e.g., reaction of NaOH pellets with water or acids in solution.

Haemoglobin

Iron-containing protein in red blood cells; transports oxygen; normal ranges vary by age and sex; low levels indicate anemia.

Positive phototropism

Plant shoots bend toward light due to differential growth promoted by auxin.

Auxin

Plant growth hormone causing elongation on the shaded side, leading to bending toward light; inhibits root growth.

Yeast fermentation

Yeast cells show movement and budding under microscope, indicating active fermentation and reproduction.

Mold growth on bread

Fungal growth promoted by moisture and darkness; decomposes bread via enzymatic activity.

Spirulina (Spirogyra) chloroplasts

Spirogyra shows spiral arrangement of chloroplasts, aiding light absorption in filaments.

Cotyledons

Seed leaves that store nutrients and provide energy to the germinating seedling.

Water propagation (money plant)

Dipping cut ends in water promotes root development; a method of vegetative propagation.

Potato shoot growth

Budded potato pieces grow green shoots; moisture aids shoot emergence; buds influence growth.

Mouth and nose tasting (taste vs smell)

Taste and smell together influence flavor; when nose is closed, taste is limited to taste buds.

Light refraction through prism

Prism disperses white light into a spectrum due to varying wavelengths bending differently.

Spectrum

Band of colors created when white light is dispersed by a prism.

Plane mirror image

Plane mirror produces a full-length image; image is the same size as the object but laterally inverted.

Concave mirror image formation

Converging mirror forms real inverted images beyond 2F, highly magnified at C, no image at F, virtual enlarged between F and C.

Convex mirror image

Diverging mirror produces erect, diminished images; image size decreases as object moves away.

Rectangular glass slab (refraction demo)

Path of light through a rectangular slab shows emergent rays parallel to incident rays, creating a virtual image when extended.

Refraction through a prism and prism spectrum

Observation of dispersion of light into a spectrum due to differing wavelengths bending differently in glass.

Series circuit (voltage drop)

In a series circuit, the voltages across components add to the total supply voltage.

Parallel circuit (current distribution)

In a parallel circuit, the currents through each branch add to the total current supplied.

Magnetic field lines

Pattern of magnetic field around magnets and current-carrying conductors; compass aligns with these lines.

Current-induced displacement of a conducting rod

A current-carrying rod placed in a magnetic field experiences a force causing lateral displacement.

Ammeter and voltmeter usage

Ammeter measures current; voltmeter measures potential difference; placement affects readings in circuits.