Henry VIII and his ministers 1508-40 part 2

When did Cromwell start working for Wolsey?

In 1519 Cromwell joined Wolsey’s Council, handling legal cases.

How did Cromwell react to Wolsey’s fall?

In 1529 Cromwell defended Wolsey in Parliament.

What did Cromwell do after Wolsey’s fall?

In 1530 Cromwell became MP for Taunton.

When did Cromwell join the Royal Council?

In 1531 Cromwell joined the Royal Council.

Why was the annulment important to Henry?

Henry wanted a son; Catherine had none, risking the Tudor dynasty.

What idea did Cromwell propose?

In 1531 Cromwell said Parliament, not the Pope, should grant annulments.

What did the Act in Restraint of Appeals do?

The 1533 Act in Restraint of Appeals made England independent of Rome and gave Henry supremacy.

What was the impact of the annulment?

In 1533 Henry married Anne Boleyn, Elizabeth was born, and England broke with Rome.

When did Cromwell become Chief Minister?

Cromwell was Chief Minister from 1533 until 1540.

What was Cromwell’s role as Chancellor of the Exchequer?

In 1533 Cromwell became Chancellor of the Exchequer, managing finances.

What was Cromwell’s role as Master of the Rolls?

In 1533 Cromwell became Master of the Rolls, keeper of Chancery records.

What was Cromwell’s role as Vicar-General?

In 1535 Cromwell became Vicar-General, reforming the Church.

What was Cromwell’s role as Lord Privy Seal?

In 1536 Cromwell became Lord Privy Seal, influencing appointments.

What was Cromwell’s role as Lord Great Chamberlain?

In 1540 Cromwell became Lord Great Chamberlain, serving in the royal household.

Why did Anne Boleyn fall from favour?

By 1536 Anne had no son and suffered miscarriages.

What else caused Anne Boleyn’s fall?

Anne was accused of adultery and political interference.

What role did Cromwell play in Anne’s fall?

Cromwell tortured Mark Smeaton for a confession of adultery.

Who else was accused with Anne Boleyn?

Five men, including George Boleyn, were accused with Anne.

When was Anne Boleyn executed?

Anne Boleyn was executed on 19 May 1536 at the Tower before 1,000 people.

Why was Jane Seymour significant?

In 1537 Jane gave birth to Edward, securing succession.

What did the Act of Union do?

In 1536 it united Wales with England and gave Wales MPs under English law.

What was the Court of Augmentations?

In 1536 Cromwell created the Court of Augmentations for monastery wealth.

What was the Court of First Fruits and Tenths?

In 1534 Cromwell set up the Court of First Fruits and Tenths for clerical taxes.

How did Cromwell reform finance?

Cromwell set up financial departments with legal powers, reducing king’s role.

What was the Privy Council reform?

Cromwell reduced the Royal Council to about 20 professional administrators.

What was the Council of the North?

In 1536 Cromwell strengthened the Council of the North to enforce royal law.

How did Henry use Parliament before Cromwell?

Between 1509–31 Parliament was rarely used, with only 203 Acts.

How did Cromwell change Parliament’s role?

From 1532–40 Parliament passed 333 Acts and became central to law-making.

What is Statute Law?

Statute Law was an Act of Parliament signed by the king.

What is an Act of Attainder?

An Act of Attainder declared a person a traitor without trial.

How was the Act of Attainder used on Cromwell?

In 1540 Cromwell was executed under an Act of Attainder.

What did Cromwell do as Vicar-General?

In 1535 Cromwell dissolved monasteries and enforced Henry’s supremacy.

Why did Cromwell dissolve monasteries?

He dissolved them to enrich the Crown and weaken Papal power.

What financial benefit came from dissolution?

The dissolution gave the Crown huge income from land and property.

How did reforms affect Catholic nobility?

Cromwell’s reforms reduced Catholic nobles’ influence.

Why did Henry marry Anne of Cleves?

In 1540 Henry married Anne of Cleves to ally with Protestant Germany.

Why did the Anne of Cleves marriage fail?

The Anne of Cleves marriage failed because Henry disliked her and it wasn’t consummated.

What reward did Anne of Cleves get after annulment?

In 1540 Anne of Cleves got land and houses, including Hever Castle.

Who replaced Anne of Cleves as wife?

In 1540 Catherine Howard replaced Anne of Cleves as Henry’s wife.

Who plotted Cromwell’s fall?

In 1540 the Duke of Norfolk plotted Cromwell’s fall using Catherine Howard.

Why did Henry lose trust in Cromwell?

He blamed Cromwell for the Cleves marriage and for radical reforms.

When was Cromwell arrested?

Cromwell cut the Royal Council to 20 professional administrators.

What charges were brought against Cromwell?

In 1540 Cromwell was accused of treason and heresy.

When was Cromwell executed?

Cromwell was executed on 28 July 1540 at the Tower of London.

Why did Henry annul Catherine of Aragon?

She gave him no son, only Mary, and he claimed the marriage was invalid.

When did Henry secretly marry Anne Boleyn?

Henry secretly married Anne Boleyn in January 1533 before annulment.

What Act supported Henry’s marriage to Anne Boleyn?

The 1533 Act in Restraint of Appeals stopped Catherine appealing to the Pope.

Why was Henry anxious by 1536?

By 1536 Henry feared dying without a son at age 45.

How did Jane Seymour’s marriage strengthen Henry?

Jane Seymour’s 1537 marriage brought conservative support and Edward’s birth.

What was Cromwell’s biggest achievement?

Cromwell’s biggest achievement was strengthening Parliament and modern government.

How did Cromwell modernise finance?

Cromwell modernised finance with specialised courts and less royal control.

How did Cromwell reform the Royal Council?

He made the Council smaller, professional, and dominated by lawyers.

How did Cromwell reform regional government?

The 1536 Act of Union united Wales with England under English law and gave it MPs.

How did Henry still influence Parliament?

Henry still dominated Parliament; Cromwell ensured laws matched his will.

Why was Cromwell executed?

Cromwell was executed in 1540 for the Cleves marriage, Norfolk’s plots, Henry’s Catholic turn, and his enemies.