IGCSE Travel and Tourism Unit 2

destination

A physical space in which visitors spend at least one night and is made up of tourism products such as support services and attractions.

features of a destination

1. A character of their own

2. Accessible location

3. Will have a TIC

4. Will have accommodation and catering

5. Will have a range of attractions

6. Will have shopping facilities for the visitor

7. will have enough parking space

product life cycle of a destination

A cycle of evolution that each destination will go through

Stage 1 - Exploration stage

Very small tourist numbers and few, if any, tourist facilities

Stage 2 - Involvement stage

Small numbers of tourists, mainly independent travellers, with some local facilities being developed

Stage 3 - Development stage

Visitor numbers rising rapidly with an increase in both foreign and locally owned facilities and the expansion and upgrading of the local infrastructure

Stage 4 - Consolidation stage

Further increases in the number of tourists, with mass tourism being the largest component. The addition of facilities reaches a peak as carrying capacity limit is approached

Stage 5 - Stagnation stage

Tourist numbers reach peak and facilities show signs of age

Stage 6 - Rejuvenation stage

Tourist numbers rise again due to new innovations and rebranding of the destination's image

Stage 6 -Decline stage

Mass tourism keeps coming to the destination and the destination will lose market share and become a very cheap, often party, destination

Reasons why a destination that used to be popular can now decline

1. The carrying capacity was exceeded

2. the Enviro has been damaged

3. the destination is not longer in fashion

4. Surrounding businesses have closed down

hub airport

Airline hubs or hub airports are used by one or more airlines to concentrate passenger traffic and flight operations at a given airport. They serve as transfer (or stop-over) points to get passengers to their final destination.

division of time zones

The world is divided into 24 time zones each spaced 15 degrees of longitude apart

Greenwich Mean Time (GMT)

The time zone that runs through Greenwich at 0 longitude

Coordinated Universal Time (UTC)

The time zone at 0 longitude

Daylight Saving Time (DST)

This is when countries change the clock during certain months of the year. In Western Europe there is GMT during the winter months but the clock is set forward 1 hour during the summer months (GMT + 1)

International Date Line (IDL)

An imaginary line on the surface of the Earth opposite the Prime Meridian or Greenwich Meridian where the date changes as one travels east or west across it. Roughly around 180 ̊ it mostly corresponds to the time zone boundary separating -12 and +12 hours GMT

Equator

An imaginary line drawn around the middle of the Earth an equal distance from the North Pole and the South Pole

Tropic of Capricorn

The southern tropic (23.5⁰ S)

Tropic of Cancer

The northern tropic (23.5⁰ N)

Latitude

The position north or south of the equator measured from 0° to 90°

Longitude

The distance of a place east or west of an imaginary line from the top to the bottom of the Earth, measured in degrees

Climate

The general weather conditions usually found in a particular place.

world's major climatic zones

1. Equatorial - Brazil Amazon

2. Tropical - African savannah

3. Tropical Monsoon - India

4. Tropical Desert - Sahara

5. Warm temperate - mediterranean

6. Cool temperate - USA and Canada

7. Arctic - Scandanavia

8. Polar - Greenland

natural hazards that tourists need to be aware of in different climates

1. Equatorial - very hot and humid

2. Tropical - hurricanes, cyclones

3. Tropical Monsoon -monsoon rains and winds

4. Tropical Desert - very dry with bush fires

climate influence on tourism

Tourists like to travel when the destination has the best climatic conditions and this will be the high/peak season

effects of global warming and climate change on tourism

1. Seaside areas face rising sea levels, sea surges, sea storms, beach erosion etc.

2. Mountain regions - shorter winter season so less snow for skiing

sources of climate information about a destination

1. Marketing brochures

2. Lonely planet books

3. Travel guides

4. Climate graphs available online

perishable destination

the destination can be altered through overuse, when the carrying capacity of the destination is crossed.

Destination Outlook Scale

This is a rating given to a destination based on a number of characteristics such as aesthetic appeal (how nice does it look), social/cultural integrity (how close is it to how it should be) and other markers. The scale has 6 levels ranging from catastrophic (outlook very bad) to 10 (enhanced)

Multi use (mixed use) destination

In most destinations the facilities available to tourists are also available to the local population.

Destination awareness

A key factor in the holiday destination decision-making process. This can happen through movies, TV, past holidays, friends, mass media, brochures and other ways of becoming knowledgeable about a destination

factors that influence a persons choice of final destination

1. Their disposable income

2. The number of children they have

3. number of trips taken last year

4. amount of free time they have

5. their age and health

6. the cost of transport to get there

7. personal preferences

8. what they've done in the past

9. what friends and family recommend

10. what advertising and promotion they see

11. the purpose of their visit e.g.: VFR, sport, medical etc

12. Their own cultural appraisal

What is meant by cultural appraisal?

An individual's choice of destination is strongly influenced by the values and attitudes that they are exposed to.

amalgamation of tourist destinations

at any destination there will be a series of inter-relationships btw different sub-sectors that contribute to the overall tourist experience. There will be many tourism products on offer. e.g.: transport, accommodation, food, tours, entertainment and local products.

what are the products included in a destination that make it an amalgam?

1. Attractions

2. Accessibility

3. Available packages

4. Activities

5. Ancilliary services

features which attract tourists to a destination

1. Weather and climate

2. Scenery and landscape

3. Vegetation and wildlife

4. Historical/cultural attractions

5. Indoor/outdoor activities

6. accommodation options

7. Events and festivals

8. Food and drink

name the factors that strongly influence the popularity of a destination

1. Cost of accommodation and transport

2. The costs at the destination

3. Over-commercialisation

4. Crime and social promblems

5. Political stability and civil unrest

6. Terrorism

7. Positive or negative media coverage

8. Increased accessibility

9. Natural disasters

Name the ways destinations can segment their markets?

1. Backpackers

2. DINKY

3. Empty Nesters

4. Grey Market or Boomers

5. Youth Market

backpacker

A visitor, for the purpose of a holiday or special event, who stays in a backpackers' lodge/hostel. Usually around 18-24 years of age, no children. Consider themselves travelers not tourists. Generally well educated but very cost conscious

DINKY

Dual Income No Kids Yet (Younger couples between 25-35 years of age, having no children means they are relatively well off)

What are Empty Nesters?

Parents whose children have left the family home. Between 45 and 55 years of age generally, usually quite well educated. High disposable income

Grey market/boomers?

Members of the baby boom generation in the 1950s now retired and have disposable income from their pensions and savings

Youth market

Between 18 and 25 years of age, less well educated, lower disposable income, are used to travelling and like to 'party' in destinations with a varied nightlife.

Name some of the different types of tourism.

1. Cultural tourism

2. Business tourism

3. Sustainable tourism

4. Medical tourism

5. Sports tourism

Cultural tourism

Individuals and groups of people who travel to visit and experience things like heritage, religion, art and customs to develop knowledge of a different community's way of life and tradition.

cultural tourism includes

1. Performing arts festivals.

2. Historic sites and monuments

3. Museums

4. Arts and crafts displays

5. Religious events

6. an unusual experience of local customs and cuisines eg: The Boma in Vic Falls

Sustainable tourism

Tourism that is economically, socio-culturally and environmentally sustainable. With sustainable tourism, socio-cultural and environmental impacts are neither permanent nor irreversible.

destination managers achieve sustainable tourism by

1. Welcome, involve and satisfy visitors

2. Achieve a profitable and prosperous industry

3. Involve and benefit all host communities

4. Protect and enhance the local environment

adventure tourism

When people travel to a destination for thrilling activities like zip-lining or absailing eg: Sun City

medical tourism

When people travel to a destination to have a planned medical procedure eg: breast augmentation in Thailand

types of physical features that have helped develop sport and adventure tourism

1. Mountain tourism- abseiling, hiking, skiing

2. Coastal tourism - diving, beach and water sports

3. Waterfall tourism -white water rafting

4. Cave tourism - black-water rafting

5. Volcano tourism

6. Island tourism

extending a tourist season

1. Mountain tourism can have hiking in summer and skiiing in Winter

2. Coastal tourism can have diving and water sports in summer and indoor activities in winter