hdjkhakjdhoa

simple squamous epithelium

Appearence: single layer of flattened cells Function: protection, diffusion, filtration Location: air sacs of lungs, walls of cappilaries, and the lining of your blood vessels

stratified squamous epithelium

Appearence: Multi-layered flattened cells Function: Protection, water loss protection (osmosis), and act as a protective layer to the skin. Location: Skin epidermis and the thymus, and they can be found in the lining of multiple organs

cubodial epithelium

Appearence: Cube shaped cells Function: protection, secretion, and absorption Location: Lining of the kidney tubules and the ovaries

Pseudostratified cilitated columnar epithelium

Appearence: tall column-like cells that appear layered and have cilia on the outside. Function: Protection, secretion, and movement of mucus Location: Lining of the respiratory tract

columnar epithelial tissue

Appearence: Rectangle shaped cells Function: protection, secretion, and absorption Location: The lining of the intestines and uterus

What's stratified mean?

many layers

What are the common types of epithelial tissue?

1. Squamous

2. Cubodial

3. Columnar

What are the arrangements of epithelial tissue?

1. Simple

2. Stratified

3. Pseudistratified

4. Cilitated

Epithelial tissue

Tissue that covers outside of the body and lines organs and cavities.

Connective Tissue

A body tissue that provides support for the body and connects all of its parts. They are often times cells spread throughout a matrix of varying densities with protein fibers of varying flexability and strength. The purpose is to bind, fill, and support (think the packaging of a box).

Dense Fibrous Connective tissue

Appearence: Tightly packed purple/pink collagen fibers Function: A connective function that connects muscles to bone and bones to other bone joints. Location: Tendons and Ligaments *Note picture is much more vibrant IRL (see Canvas)

Adipose tissue

Appearence: enlarged fibroblasts that store fat (huge blown-up looking cells) that are full of fat and take up so much space that the nuclei are pushed to the outer edge of the cell. Function: Insultation and the storage of fat Location: Beneath the skin and around organs +your heart

Loose Areolar tissue

Appearence: matrix of cells with protein fibers assorted around Function: supports and binds to organs Location: Occurs beneath the skin and most epithelial layers

Hyaline cartilage tissue

Appearence: lucanae cells within a matrix Function: support and protection Location: occurs in the nose and walls of respriatory passages and the end of bones including ribs

Elastic cartilage tissue

Much like Hyaline cartilage but has an elastic fiber framework that makes it much more flexible.

Compact Bone tissue

Appearance: concentric rings Function: support and protection Location: outer portion of the bones of the body

What is the centric ring of a compact bone tissue called?

Osteon

What are the chamber-like structures of compact bone that hold the cells?

Lucuna (singular) Lucanae (plural)

The central canal of compact blood holds what?

The lamaelle with blood vessels and nerves inside

What are the compact bone cells called?

Osteocytes

What's Spongey Bone?

The inner layer of bone tissue that's more flexible and made in the red marrow (origin of blood cells).

blood tissue

Appearance: Circular cells (three kinds) red blood cells, white blood cells (the dark purple dyed ones) and platelates. The liquid matrix surrounding the cells is plasma. Function: Transporting oxyen Location: Everywhere

What are platelets?

Small fragments of cells that are present in the bone marrow. When a blood vessel is damaged platlets form a plug that seals the vessle and the injured tissues release molecules that help the cloting process.

T or F: Cardiac Tissue is spindle shaped?

False; it's smooth muscle tissue

Which tissue has cells that are induviual but bound at intercalated disks in which folded plasma membranes between two cells contain desmosomes and gap junctions?

Cardiac tissue

Smooth muscle tissue

Appearence: Spindle shaped cells with a singular nucleus. Not striated and it's involuntary. Function: movement of substances in the lumens of the body Location: walls of hollow internal organs such as the stomach and lungs

Cardiac tissue

Appearance: Branching striated cells each with a single nucleus and involuntary. Function: pumping of blood Location: walls of the heart

What's multinucleiated mean?

contains more than one nuclei (multiple)

Skeletal tissue

Appearance: striated cells with multiple nuclei Function: voluntary movement Location: usually attached to the skeleton

What is Muscular tissue?

Actin and Myosin filaments (protein)

• function is contraction and therefore movement

Neurons

Appearance: A specialized cell with three parts: dendrites, axon, and the cell body. Function: sensory input, integration, and motor output Location: Spinal Cord and brain

How do Nerves affect secretion?

Nerves conduct nerve impulses away from the brain and spinal cord to the muscles and glands which then causes them to contract and secrete mucus.

What's a dendrite?

a short branched extension of a nerve cell, along which impulses received from other cells at synapses are transmitted to the cell body.

What's in the cell body of a neuron?

nucleus and other organelles

What's an axon?

single nerve fiber that carries impulses away from the cell body

Neuroglial cells

Various shapes that are support cells for neurons that outnumber them 10:1

What is a Tissue?

Groups of specialized cells working together to perform a common function that requires cell junctions

What's Basement membrane?

a thin, delicate membrane of protein fibers and glycosaminoglycans separating an epithelium from underlying tissue. This holds epithelial tissue to the tissue. We also now know that they are glycoproteins.

What are the three kinds of junction?

1. Tight

2. Gap

3. Adhesion

What's a tight junction?

forms an impermeable barrier because adjacent plasma membrane proteins join together causing a "ZIPPING" fastening. This is found in organs like the kidneys, the intestines, and stomach.

What's a Gap junction?

this forms when two adjacent plasma membrane channels join together but allows small molecules to pass through a "tunnel" like structure. This often occurs in the heart and smooth muscle tissue to aid in contraction.

What's Adhesion junction?

when the adjacent plasma membranes do not touch but are held together by intercellular filaments firmly attached to buttonlife thickenings like "velcro." This is found in many organs such as the heart, stomach, and bladder. Allows for more flexability.

What's the Integumentary system?

A collection of various organs designed to perform a particular set of functions for the body (skin).

What are the Organ systems of the Integumentary system?

• The skin (epidermis, dermis, Subcutaneous)

• The acessory structures: nails, hair, and glands

What layer is the sweat gland in of the skin?

Epidermis

Where is the oil gland of the skin?

At the hair follicole

The Subcutaneous layer contains what...

fat

What are the functions of the Integumentary system?

Insultation, absorption of vitamin D, protection, sensory preception, and regulation of the body temp.

What's the Epidermis layer?

The epidermis is the most superficial layer of the skin and provides the first barrier of protection from the invasion of substances into the body.

• common area for skin grafts and carcinomas

What kind of tissue is the epidermis layer?

Stratified squamous epithelium "layers of cells" - 4 or 5 regions

What are Kertainocytes?

keratin protein cells that help make the skin cells water resistent. They get pushed from the basal region to the epidermis and are considered cornified (they become dead and hardened on the superifical layer of the epidermis).

Acronym for Cell Layers (you don't have to know its bonus)

Can Lemurs Get Some Bamboo

Corneum, Lucidium, Granulosum, Spinosum, and Basale

What's the Basale region of the skin?

The deepest layer where basal cells are performing mitosis, this is also the layer where keratinocytes originate. Basal cell carcinomas are here too.

What are fibroblasts?

cells that make fibers

What are scars in relation to the integumentary system?

Scars are cuts that make it past the epidermis and into the dermis where the tissue won't heal in the same pattern which leaves the scar and less elascity

What are two other names for the Subcutaneous layer?

SubQ and Hypodermis

Why do we study cancer?

They are a kind of disorder that occurs in the tissues and we must learn about there relation to tissues and the integumentary system in order to know how to help treat them.

How does apoptosis occur in the epidermis?

The cells are mitotically dividing at the base through progressive apoptosis (programmed cell death) then the dead cells are pushed to the surface so there is constantly dead cells on the surface of your skin.

What's apoptosis?

Programmed cell death --> happens in the embryo for killing off the skin cells between the fingers.

What's the Non-Vascular layer?

The epidermis because it has no blood vessels and instead of cytoplasm it has keratin proteins.

What's Psoriasis?

When the body makes too much keratin from the keratinocytes and causes the skin to have flaky dry patches

What layer of the skin are your fingerprints on?

Epidermis - in embryonic development the ridges of your fingerprint match the environment so they are different for everybody, even twins.

What are Melanocytes?

cells that make melanin (the gentically determined pigment of your skin, with disorders such as albinism and vitilago)

• they protect against UV rays'

• Freckles and Moles (clusters of melanocytes)

• Melanomas (cancers in these cells that cause of overexposure)

What is the Dermis?

A layer in the integumentary system made of connective tissue (fibrous connective tissue). It's the thickest layer with the most things within in it. There are fibroblast cells and woven throughout are collagen and elastic fibers.

What are Collagen fibers?

These are cross-linked fibers that are incredibly strong and provide tissue strength?

What are Elastic fibers?

Networks of long, thin, elastin fibers that allow for stretch and recoil

What happens if UV rays pass the epidermis and enter the dermis?

It messes up the fiber networking and often times causes wrinkles

What's in the dermis layer?

Blood vessels and nerve endings that provide the skin with touch, pressure, pain, and temperature.

What are touch receptors?

Found mainly under the skin Many different types Some close to the surface of the skin and sensitive to very light touches Occur in greater concentrations in areas of the skin that are more sensitive ( lips, fingertips, eyelids and external genital organs) Others are located deep within the skin and are sensitive to pressure and vibrations Touch receptors also associated with the base of each hair follicle Responds to any light touch that bends the hair

What's the Subcutaneous layer?

The third layer of the integumentary system that is made of loose connective tissue (adipose) and connects skin to muscle beneath the dermis.

What are subQ injections?

a shot you can get in the subcutaneous layer that provide a greater load and absorpton due to the greater vascularization of this layer

What are Accessory structures?

Structures found in the integumentary system that aid the skin such as nails, sweat glands, hair, and oil glands.

Keratin is a ...

protein

What are Nails in relation to accessory structures?

Kertainizied epithelial cells

• the cells are dead which is why it doesn't hurt when you cut them shorter

• Structured as follows (nail matrix, nail bed, nail body, and free edge)

What is your nail root?

The part of your nails made of living cells

What are hair follicles ?

Structures from which a hair develops that arise from the dermis and pass through the epidermis. Mitosis occurs at the root and they are keratinized as the cells are pushed to the outside.

How do hair follicle cells and chemotherapy relate?

Cancer is an actively dividing cell (mitosis) and chemo is designed to kill those cells but hair cells are also actively dividing and the chemo can't tell them apart. So, the chemo will kill the hair cells thinking its killing cancer.

How are the gut and chemo therapy related?

The gut and stomach are lined with epithelial cells and the chemo attacks those cells because they are going through mitosis in the stomach. This is why people on chemo feel nauseous.

What are arrector pili muscles?

Smooth muscle cells surrounding hair follicle that produce erection of hair shaft (goose-bumps). Each hair follicle has its own and they make the hair stand up which contracts the skin causing goose bumps. They can be erected by fear or cold temperatures.

What are two ways the body uses the skin to regulate cold temperatures and bring the homeostasis of the body to a warmer temp.?

The arrector pilli erect the hair follicles in response to cold temps. so the hairs stand up and make an air blanket so that the body can get warmer. The body can also utilize the quick contraction of muscles that in turn causes body heat often referred to as shivering. The SubQ can also act as an internal blanket due to the layers of adipose.

T or F: Nerves can be found in the epidermis layer?

False! Nerves are only found in the dermis and subcutaneous layer

What are some ways that the body uses skin to regulate warmer temps. and bring the homeostasis of the body to a cooler temp.?

Sweat is secreted out of the sweat glands in the dermis layer which sweat is primarily saltwater. Water is a good buffer and traps in heat which is then released on the surface and evaporated. Your body may also make your skin look flush or red from dilating the blood in your body to regulate blood flow to cool you down.

What does a suburn do to your cells?

It burns the living cells

What are Sebaceous glands?

Oil glands only found where hair is and there is one for each hair follicle. They secrete sebum (oil) which is a fatty acid that makes the skin feel soft. This makes the skin keep water and prevent it from drying out.

What is a bacterial infection of the Sebaceous glands called?

Acne (due to greater oil production)

What are Sudoniferous Glands?

Sweat glands that are numerous and ubiquitous (found all over) even where there isn't any hair. They regulate temp. with vessels.

What are the Cermuniferous Glands?

Wax glands that are epithelium of the ear. You can use an emulsifer to break down the lipid wax.

What's a common day to day example of columnar epithelium tissue and goblet cells?

Your sinuses are made of columnar epithelium tissue and the goblet cells within secrete mucus.

What's the layer that divided the thoracic and abdominal cavities?

The diaphragm

What's Contractile tissue?

Another name for muscle tissue due to its ability to contract and relax.

What are calcium salts used for?

They are what makes bones hard

What's serosa?

The tissue of a serous membrane

What's Mucousa?

the tissue of a mucous membrane

How does the skin contribute to homeostasis of the body?

The body uses temperature regualation of the body through the sweat glands and the arrector pilli. It uses layers of dead cells to create protection from Uv rays. The oil glands also reguate themselves in order to mantain the body. When the oil isn't produced enough you get psorasis and when it's over produced you get acne. Important - Skin also prevents water loss from the body.

What's Alopecia?

Male pattern baldness from mom to son on X chromosomes. Men have 1 chromosome and women 2 so the women often get theirs masked.

What is a Coelom?

A large ventral cavity that becomes divided into the thoracic and abdominal cavities

What organs are in the thoracic cavity?

The lungs, heart, thymus gland, and escophagus.

What are the organs in the abdominal cavity?

The stomach, liver, spleen, gallbladder, most of the small and large intestine, bladder, reproductive organs, and the rectum.

What is membrane?

The thin lining composed of epithelium overlying a loose connective tissue layer

What are the four types of membrane?

1. Mucous

2. Serous/Pleural

3. Synovial 4.Menigies