APUSH Period 4 Key Concepts

What were the national political parties in the early 1800s?

Federalists: favored STRONG central govt, supported by upper-class, merchants, bankers. Pro-BRITISH, LOOSE interpretation of the constitution.

Democratic-Republicans: STATES rights, supported by lower & middle classes, farmers, pro-FRANCE, STRICT interpretation of the Constitution.

These parties developed out of disagreements over Hamilton's financial plan & the French Revolution.

How did the Supreme Court strengthen the power of the FEDERAL govt (often at expense of state govts)?

(JOHN MARSHALL SUPREME COURT 1801-1835)

Marbury v Madison (1803) - established the principle of JUDICIAL REVIEW.

McCullough v Maryland (1819) - upheld the Constitutionality of 2nd BUS.

Gibbons v Ogden (1824) - Congress, NOT states, can control COMMERCE.

What were the new political PARTIES that arose by the 1820s/1830s?

Democrats: Led by ANDREW JACKSON (the "common man"), against the BUS and Henry Clay's AMERICAN SYSTEM.

Whigs (1834-1854): HENRY CLAY, anti-Andrew Jackson, favored STRONGER federal govt, for the BUS

How did regional political & economic loyalties overshadow NATIONAL concerns (as the basis for many political leaders' positions on slavery & economic policy)?

Nullification Crisis (1833): SC & other SOUTHERN states opposed the Tariffs of 1828 (Tariff of Abominations) and 1832; SC NULLIFIED those tariffs & threatened to SECEDE if Jackson collected the tariff by force.

How did the 2nd Great Awakening) (1820s-1840s) inspire Americans?

Inspired humans to achieve PERFECTION.

• Charles G. Finney: Massive SERMONS to convert individuals.

-Utopian Societies:

Social experiments, hoped to achieve perfection in COMMUNITIES (Oneidas, Shakers, Brooke Farm)

• Also inspired other REFORM movements! Temperance, abolitionism

How did a new national culture emerge in antebellum America?

A combination of European and local culture. American art (HUDSON RIVER SCHOOL: landscape paintings), literature, and architectural ideas emerged.

What was the literature that reflected the idea of human "perfectibility"?

Transcendentalism: 1830s movement that encouraged individuals having communication with GOD & NATURE.

Authors: Ralph Waldo Emerson (Self-Reliance - individuals should follow self interests), Henry David Thoreau (Walden, Civil Disobedience)

How did both enslaved and free African Americans create communities to protect their family structures and DIGNITY?

• Developed surrogate families

• When families were separated, others would look after the members

• Slave music: helped pass time while working, instrumental part of religious services.

What were organizations that were formed by Americans (outside of govt institutions) to help advance their ideals (improve society & individual behavior)?

• American TEMPERANCE Society: 1,000 chapters throughout the US, aligned with the ABOLITIONIST movement.

• Dorthea Dix: sought to improve treatment for mentally ill (PRISON REFORM)

• Horace Mann: EDUCATION

• Shakers: practiced CELIBACY & believed in sexual EQUALITY

Abolitionist & Anti-slavery movements during ANTEBELLUM America.

• Achieved SUCCESS in the North: Many Northern states gradually emancipated slaves

• Increasing number of free African-Americans in North&South; eventually many states made it illegal for slave owners to free their slaves

• Gag Resolution (1836): prohibited the introduction of ABOLITIONIST BILLS in the House.

• Unsuccessful slave rebellions in South:

Denmark Vesey (1820)-- large planned rebellion that never materialized.

Nat Turner Rebellion (1831) -- In VA, freed slaves & killed whites on plantations. 100s of blacks (some who had nothing to do with the rebellion) were killed in retaliation

• William Lloyd Garrison: The Liberator, called for IMMEDIATE end to slavery.

Women's Rights movement during antebellum America.

• Often connected to ABOLITIONIST movement

• Wanted greater EQUALITY

• Seneca Falls Convention (1848): Elizabeth Cady Stanton & Lucretia Mott, wrote Dec of Sentiments and Resolutions (spin off of Dec. of Ind.). Attended by Frederick Douglas.

What was the Market Revolution?

Revolution in TRANSPORTATION, COMMUNICATION, & production of goods. Market relationships btwn producers & consumers prevailed due to the manufacturing of goods becoming more organized.

• Manufactured goods became more ORGANIZED

• Lowell Factory System (Mill Girls)

What were the new innovations during the Market Revolution that increased EFFICIENCY of production methods?

• Textile machinery: Spinning Jenny

• Interchangeable Parts (led to MASS manufacturing)

• Telegraph (MORSE code)

• Agriculture Inventions: Steel Plow (John Deere), McCormick Reaper, Cotton Gin (Eli Whitney)

All these increased PRODUCTION and EFFICIENCY.

What were some of the infrastructure (TRANSPORTATION methods) developed/supported by the govt?

• Roads: CUMBERLAND road (Maryland to Ohio), paid for by fed govt (INTERSTATE COMMERCE, trade btwn 2 or more states)

• Canals: ERIE Canal

• Railroads

Projects were paid for by STATE AND LOCAL govts & private corporations.

IMPACT: Connected NORTH & MIDWEST more closely than the SOUTH.

How did the Market Revolution cause a shift from subsistence farming?

• Increasing number of Americans no longer RELIED on semi-subsistence farming..

• More men & women worked FACTORIES (not in homes anymore) (these early factories were built near WATER ex. Lowell)

• Produced goods for DISTANT markets.

How did the manufacturing / market revolution impact Americans (wealth)?

• increase in prosperity / standards of living for SOME

• Growing / larger MIDDLE CLASS

• WIDENING gap between rich and poor (which will increase more during Gilded Age)

How did the market revolution cause a change in gender / family roles?

• New growth of domestic IDEALS (ideology) which emphasized women's role within the home as MOTHERS / WIVES. Cult of Domesticity!! -- promoted separate spheres for men and women (middle class women were expected NOT to work outside the home).

• Public / Private spheres

Immigration during antebellum America (Where they went, what they did)

• Germans: Ohio as FARMERS (& Wisconsin)

• Irish: CITIES as urban workers (immigration result of Potato Famine 1840s & 50s)

• New cities emerged along OH & Miss Rivers, cities like St. Louis & Cincinnati became centers for meatpacking

How did the increase of Southern COTTON & Northern MANUFACTURING, banking, shipping promote national ties btwn the North and South?

• Cotton produced in South SHIPPED to Northern factories

• Banks (The BUS) provided funding for factories & plantations.

How did the Southern reliance on the production & export of AGRICULTURAL staples contribute to the growth of a distinctive Southern identity?

• South continued to rely on CASH CROPS ("King Cotton")

• Plantation owners had tremendous power.

• Elites DEFENDED slavery (John C. Calhoun describing slavery as "a positive good").

How did the plans to UNIFY the US economy (the American System) lead to debates over whether they would benefit agriculture(south) or industry(north)?

• Could potentially FAVOR different sections of the country (SECTIONALISM)

American System: BUS, Infrastructure, & Tariffs. Favored by North & Midwest (NOT South, bc Tariffs benefitted INDUSTRY)

How did the US seek to increase influence & control over North America (post Louisiana Purchase in 1803)?

• Exploration: Lewis & Clark (wanted to find a WATERWAY to the Pacific, obviously doesn't happen but gained immense knowledge about the environment & Natives)

• Military Actions: Aroostook War, settled Maine-Canada boundary.

• Diplomatic: MONROE DOCTRINE (told Europe not to intervene in the Western Hemisphere)

• American Indian Removal (esp in 1830s): INDIAN REMOVAL ACT, TRAIL OF TEARS (moved Natives west of MS River)

How did frontier settlers champion expansion efforts & what RESISTANCE did they meet from Native Americans?

• People living on the FRONTIER favored expansion due to more land available for FARMING.

Resistance from Natives:

• Black Hawk War (IL, 1832); Natives sought to gain LAND ceded from 1804 back.

• Seminole Wars (a series of wars in the early to mid 1800s)

1st: Seminole Natives in FL forced to move to Central FL

2nd: Fed govt sought to REMOVE Seminoles from FL

How did the US's acquistion of new lands in the West give rise to CONTESTS over the EXTENSION of slavery into new territories (even before Mexican War)?

OVERCULTIVATION (cotton exhausted the land) depleted land in Southeast, so slaveholders began to relocate their plantations to more FERTILE lands west of the Appalachians. So, the institution of slavery continued to GROW.

ANTI-slavery efforts increasing in the North (but not South?)

• Women's Rights & Abolitionism closely linked (Lydia Maria Child - abolitionist & women's rights advocate)

Majority of Southerners owned no slaves (3/4 did NOT own slaves!), yet slavery was ardently DEFENDED by Southern leaders (Calhoun & George Fitzhugh), who argued it was part of the Southern way of life.

What was a congressional attempt at political compromise btwn OPPONENTS & DEFENDERS of slavery?

Missouri Compromise (1820)

• Missouri would enter the country as a SLAVE state

-Maine would enter as a FREE state

-36 30 line: above FREE, below SLAVES

Only temporarily stemmed TENSIONS btwn defenders & supporters of slavery. After the Mexican-American war (1850s) these TENSIONS would come to the forefront (would slavery be expanded in the Western Territories?)