Human Anatomy: 2100

Anatomy vs Physiology

The study of the physical structures of the human body and how those parts function to keep us alive

Microscopic Anatomy

Structures too small to see with the unaided eye

Gross Anatomy

Structures that can be seen with the naked eye

Comparative Anatomy

Similarities and differences across species

Developmental Anatomy

Structural changes from conception through maturity

Embryology Anatomy

Sub section of developmental anatomy—developmental changes occurring prior to birth

Regional Anatomy

Study of all structures within a single region

Surface Anatomy

Superficial and internal structures as they relate to their location on the body surface

Systemic Anatomy

Studies structures involved with a specific body activity

Order of increasing complexity

atoms—>molecules—>cells—>tissue—>organs—>organ system—>body

What are the 11 systems of the body organized by?

function

The 11 organ systems of the human body

• skin

• skeletal

• muscle

• nervous

• endocrine

• cardiovascular

• lymphatic

• respiratory

• urinary

• reproductive

• digestive

Anatomical Reference

Provides a common reference

• standing upright

• feet parallel and on the floor

• head level and looking forward

• arms at side

• palms facing forward

Axial Region

• vertical axis

  • head, neck, and trunk

Appendicular Region

upper and lower limbs

Cephalic (cranial)

head

Otic

ear

Frontal

Forehead

Occipital

back of head

Oral

mouth

Buccal

cheek

Mental

Chin

Nasal

nose

Ophthalmic (optic)

eye

Cervical

neck

Pectoral

chest

Umbilical

naval

Abdominal

mid-torso

Axillary

arm pit (under arm)

Vertebral

midline of back

Costal

ribs

Pelvic

hips

Gluteal

rear end

Inguinal

groin

Lumbar

lower back

Perineal

between anus and external genitalia

Brachial

upper arm

Antebrachial

forearm

Carpal

wrist

Cubital

elbow

Antecubital

front of elbow

Palmar

palm of hand

Femoral

thigh

Crural

lower leg

Popliteal

back of knee

Patellar

front of knee

Pedal

foot

Plantar

sole of foot

Cutaneous

everywhere (skin)

Anterior/ventral

toward the front

Posterior/dorsal

toward the back

Superior/cranial (axial only)

above/toward the head

Inferior/caudal (axial only)

below/toward the tail

Medial

toward the midline

Lateral

away from the midline

Intermediate

in between

When are the terms “inferior” and “superior” used?

Only when both terms are on the axial skeleton

Proximal

toward attachment point

Distal

away from attachment point

Superficial

toward the surface

Deep

away from the surface

Ipsilateral

same side

Contralateral

opposite side

Left vs. Right

patient/subject’s left and right

Coronal (frontal) plane

divides body into anterior/front and posterior/back sections

Transverse (horizontal) plane

divides body into superior/upper and inferior/lower sections

Sagittal plane

divides the body into left and right sections

Midsagittal (median) plane

divides the body into equal left and right halves

Oblique plane

passes through the specimen at an angle

A ___ is a separate, enclosed space within the body that houses internal organs

body cavity

Dorsal body cavity (posterior aspect

a continuous internal space located on the posterior (back) side of the human body that houses and protects elements of the central nervous system

Cranial cavity

formed by skull bones

Vertebral canal

formed by vertebral collumn

Ventral body cavity

contains two smaller cavities separated by the diaphragm

Thoracic cavity

superior to the diaphragm

Abdominopelvic cavity

inferior to the diaphragm

Components of the thoracic cavity

• Pleural cavities (2)

• Mediastinum/mediastinal cavity

• Pericardial cavity

Pleural cavities (2)

controls each lung

Mediastinum/mediastinal cavity

heart, thymus, esophagus, trachea, major blood vessels

Pericardial cavity

just the heart

Abdominopelvic cavity contains…

two subcavities divided by pelvic brim of hip bones

Components of abdominopelvic cavity

• Abdominal cavity

• Pelvic cavity

Abdominal cavity

• Superior to pelvic brim

• Liver, stomach, kidneys, and other organs

Pelvic cavity

• Inferior to the pelvic brim

• Contains bladder, some reproductive organs, and the rectum

__ provides protections; allows organ movement; lining prevents friction

Ventral body cavity (coelom)

__ cushions and protects the central nervous system

Dorsal body cavity

__ surrounded by chest wall and diaphragm

Thoracic cavity

__ contains the peritoneal cavity

Abdominopelvic cavity

__ contains brain

Cranial cavity

__ contains spinal cord

Spinal cavity

__ surrounds right lung

Right pleural cavity

__ contains the trachea, esophagus, and major vessels

Mediastinum

__ surrounds left lung

Left pleural cavity

__ contains many digestive glands and organs

Abdominal cavity

__ contains urinary bladder, reproductive organs, last portion of digestive tract

Pelvic cavity

__ surrounds heart

Pericardial cavity

Parietal layer

lines internal surface of the body wall

Visceral layer

covers external surface of specific organs

Serious fluid

in between parietal and visceral layers

Function of serous fluid

reduces friction between moving organs