Riya Kodukula Chapter 5: Bacterial Transformation & Polymerase Chain Reaction

What is the clinical significance of bacterial transformation in biotechnology?

explains horizontal gene transfer mechanisms responsible for rapid antibiotic resistance

When did Griffin discover transformation?

How did the mouse die in station 1?

What did the s-strain contain?

How was the R-strain different from the s-strain?

What happened in station 3 of griffith’s experiment?

What happened in station 4?

How did the bacteria demonstrate genetic variation?

What happens during DNA release and uptake in the transformation process?

What happens during DNA integration?

What happens during bacterial division in the transformation process?

What is the clinical significance of bacterial conjugation?

What are the different bacterial mating types?

What is the fertility factor?

What is the conjugation bridge?

How are genes transferred during conjugation?

What is high frequency recombination?

What is bacterial transduction?

What happens during bacteriophage attachment?

What happens during phase DNA replication?

What happens during packaging and phage release?

What are the steps

What happens during prophage integration and excision?

temperant phage integrates at specific attachment sites in bacterial chromosome

What is hybrid DNA formation?

hybrid DNA contains partial phage genome fused with specific bacterial genes

How is DNA transferred to reccipient?

recipient bacteria

What is the pre-integration state?

transduced bacterial DNA segment enters via phage protein coat

What is the post-integration state?

homologous recombination integrates donor DNA into host chromosome

What is the clinical significance of bacterial transduction?

mediates virulence factor transfer

How did genetic engineering revolutionize medicine?

What is the donor plasmid?

What are restriction enzymes?

What are DNA ligases?

Where do foreign DNA come from?

What is a chimera?

What does CaCl2 solution do to cells?

How does the host bacteria reproduce quickly?

How can recombinant proteins be used?

How did PCR revolutionize medicine?

What are primers?

What are dNTPs?

What is Taq DNA polymerase?

What are the three steps of PCR?

What temperature does denaturation occur at?

What happens during the denaturation phase?

What temperature does annealing happen?

What happens during annealing phase?

What temperature does elongation happen at?

What occurs during the elongation stage?

How does PCR multiply? (mathematical formula)

How many cycles of PCR are typical?