Bio Chapter 5

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G1, S, G2, M

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G1, S, G2, M

Stages of the cell cycle

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G1

The stage of the cell cycle where the cell grows and duplicates organelles

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S

The stage of the cell cycle where the cell synthesizes DNA

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G2

The stage of the cell cycle where the cell continues to grow, and is a critical checkpoint for the DNA

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M

The stage of the cell cycle where the nucleus divides, creating two identical cells

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Prokaryotic

Do prokaryotic or eukaryotic cells divide faster?

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G0

Cells that do not go through mitosis

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High

Is a low or high surface area-to-volume ratio better?

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Makes transporting molecules more efficient

A high surface area-to-volume ratio does this

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Chromosomes

Long continuous threads of DNA

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46

How many chromosomes do humans have?

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Histones

Proteins DNA wraps around

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Chromatids

Tightly coiled chromosomes, shaped like half an X

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Sister chromatids

Identical chromatids forming an X

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Telomeres

"Caps" formed at the ends of chromatids to keep them together

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Centromere

Holds together sister chromatids

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Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase, Cytokinesis

Order of mitosis

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Prophase

The stage of mitosis in which DNA condenses into tightly coiled chromosomes, the nuclear envelope breaks down, and centrioles move to poles and form spindle fibers

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Metaphase

The stage of mitosis in which spindle fibers attach to each chromosome, which each line up along the cell equator (middle)

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Anaphase

The stage of mitosis in which chromatids separate to opposite sides of the cell

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Telophase

The stage of mitosis in which the nuclear membrane starts to form, chromosomes uncoil, and spindle fibers fall apart

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Cytokinesis

The stage of mitosis in which animal and plant cells divide

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Cell plate

Plants use this to divide during cytokinesis

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Centriole

Plants do not have this organelle used in cell division

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Internal & external factors

What regulates cell division?

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Physical & chemical factors

External factors that regulate cell division

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Growth Factors

Chemical signals sent out by cells that tell surrounding cells to divide

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Internal factors

External factors trigger _________ that affect cell cycle

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Kinases & Cyclins

The two most important internal factors

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Apoptosis

Programmed cell death

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Cancer

Uncontrolled cell division

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Tumor

Clumps of cells that divide uncontrollably

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Benign Tumor

Non-cancerous tumors that remain clustered together and do not spread throughout the body

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Malignant Tumor

Cells that break away and spread through the body via the blood stream

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Metastasize

The process in which tumors spread throughout the body

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DNA Mutations

Cancer cells come from normal cells that have __________

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Carcinogens

Substances known to cause cancer

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Chemicals, radiation, inheritance, and bad luck

Causes of cancer include

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Surgery

The first treatment of cancer

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Radiation

Cancer is zapped with this to be treated

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Chemotherapy

The last-resort cancer treatment that may kill both cancerous and healthy cells

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Homeostasis

Organ systems work together to maintain __________

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Cells, tissue, organ, organ system

The order animal structures are divided in

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Tissue

Groups of cells working together to perform a function

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Organ

Groups of tissues working together to perform a specific function

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Organ Systems

Organs that carry out similar functions

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Cell Differentiation

The process by which unspecific cells gain specific functions

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They read only certain genes

How do cells become specific?

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Stem Cells

Cells which can develop into a variety of specialized cell types

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Totipotent

Located in a fertilized egg, can become any type of cell

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Gene

A segment of the chromosome

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Pluripotent

Located in embryonic stem cells, can become almost any type of cell

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Multipotent

Located in adult stem cells, can become a closely related cell

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