is the study of the spatial analysis of human population, its cultures, activities, and landscapes
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Reference Maps
designed for people to refer to for general information that show absolute locations as well as geographic features. Examples below: - political maps: boundaries, cities, capitals etc - physical maps: natural features such as mountains, rivers, deserts etc - road maps: highways, streets - plat maps: property lines/land ownership
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Thematic Maps
show spatial aspects of information or of a phenomenon
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Choropleth Map
a thematic map that uses various colors, shades of one color, or patterns to show distribution of spatial data
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Cartogram Map
thematic map that distorts the size based on specific data (more used for visual)
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Dot Map
a thematic map in which a dot represents some frequency of the mapped variable
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Graduated Symbol (Proportional Symbol) Map
thematic map that uses symbols of different sizes to indicate amounts of something. Refer to the map legend to understand symbol data.
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Isoline Map
A thematic map with lines that connect points of equal value to depict variations in data across space
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Flow Line Map
Lines show direction of movement of phenomena. Thickness of lines show amount of what is being measured
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Absolute Location
Exact location of a place on the earth described by global coordinates (latitude & longitude)
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Latitude
Imaginary line running parallel to the equator that is used to measure distance north or south of the equator
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Longitude
An imaginary line circling the Earth running pole to pole that is used to measure east to west from the Prime Meridian
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International Date Line
An arc that for the most part follows 180° longitude, although it deviates in several places to avoid dividing land areas. When you cross the International Date Line heading east (toward America), the clock moves back 24 hours, or one entire day. When you go west (toward Asia), the calendar moves ahead one day.
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Prime Meridian
The meridian, designated at 0° longitude, which passes through the Royal Observatory at Greenwich, England.
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Relative Location
The situation of a place in relation to another place. Distance, accessibility, & connectivity affect this
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Map Projection Distortions
taking a 3D object and making it 2D will inevitably distort spatial relationships in shape, area, distance, and direction.
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Goode's Interrupted Projection
Map that has an equal-area projection where both the shapes and the sizes of landmasses are represented with a large amount of accuracy.
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Mercator Projection
A true conformal cylindrical map projection, is particularly useful for navigation because it maintains accurate direction. Distortion occurs in the poles (makes landmasses appear large)
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Robinson Projection
No major distortions (area, shape, size, direction all slightly distorted) map is visually appealing
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Azimuthal Projection
Preserves both distance and direction from the central point. Projected onto a flat surface from any point on the globe. Depicted most commonly is the polar aspect
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Gall-Peters Projection
shows the relative sizes of the earth's continents accurately (equal area). However, it distorts shape especially near the poles
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GIS (Geographic Information Systems)
Geospatial Technology - Computer system that can store, analyze, and display information from multiple digital maps or geospatial data sets
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GPS (Global Positioning System)
Geospatial Technology - receivers on Earth's surface use the locations of multiple satellites to determine and record a receivers exact location
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Remote Sensing
Geospatial Technology - the use of cameras or other sensors mounted on aircraft, satellites etc to collect digital images of earth's surface
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Census
a count of the population... - in the US this occurs every 10 years - in the US it determines each states number of House representatives through reapportionment & used to determine state/federal spending
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Distance Decay
decline of activity or function with increasing distance from its point of origin.... less interaction the further away you get
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Time-Space Compression
the shrinking "time distance" between locations because of improved methods of transportation and communication technologies.... the world appears small
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Friction of Distance
A cause of decay or weakening due to the lack of resources, money, transportation (this leads to distance decay)
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Sustainability
Using Earth's resources while not causing permanent damage to the environment.....meeting the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs
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Environmental Determinism
The view that the natural environment has a controlling influence over various aspects of human life, including cultural & societal development.
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Possiblism
A response to determinism - that holds human decision making, not the environment, is a crucial factor in cultural development...People have the ability to adjust to the physical environment and choose a course of action from many alternatives.
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Scale
The relationship of the size of a map to the amount of area it represents on earth
Small Scale (less detail \= zoomed out on image) vs Large Scale (more detail \= zoomed in on image)
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Scale of Analysis
the level at which data is displayed.
Local, National, Regional, Global
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Formal (uniform) Region
homogenous regions, An area in which shares in one common or more distinctive characteristics
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Functional (nodal) region
Area organized around a node or focal point/place where there is a central focus that diminishes in importance outward. Regions often united by networks of communication & transportation
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Perceptual (vernacular) Region
defined by the informal sense of place that people ascribe to them (region boundaries depend on the person who is defining them & their experiences/knowledge)
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Built Landscape
Physical artifacts that humans have created and that form part of the landscape such as buildings, roads, bridges, signs etc
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Cultural Landscape
the visible imprint of human activity and culture on the landscape (think about the different architectural styles around the world, differences occur because of the physical landscape, cultural values/beliefs etc)
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Toponym
the name given to a place
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Sequence Occupancy
the notion that successive societies leave their cultural imprints on a place, each contributing to the cumulative cultural landscape.
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MDC (more developed country)
a country with higher levels of per capita income, industrialization and modernization
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LDC (less developed country)
A country that has lower levels of per capita income, industrialization and modernization and often high levels of population growth
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Emerging economy
Nations with social or business activity in the process of rapid growth and industrialization and is transitioning into a developed economy
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Globalization
expansion of economic, political, & cultural processes that they become global in scale & impact - intensified geographical movements across national borders of commodities, people, money, capital investment, knowledge, cultural values, technology, businesses, governments, and environmental pollutants - usually refers to the increased integration of the world economy since the 1970s
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Interdependence
A relationship between countries/people in which they rely on one another for resources, goods, or services
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World system Theory (dependency theory)
Theory originated by Immanuel Wallerstein and illuminated by his three-tier structure, proposing that social change in the developing world is inextricably linked to the economic activities of the developed world. - Countries are labeled as Core, Periphery, & Semi-Periphery - does not suggest that all countries can reach highest level of development
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Rostow's Stages of Economic Growth
A model of economic development that describes a country's progression which occurs in five stages transforming them from least-developed to most-developed countries. - assumes all countries want to modernize but occurs at different speeds 1. Traditional Society 2. Preconditions to Take-Off 3. Take-Off 4. Drive to Maturity 5. High Mass Consumption
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Expansion Diffusion
the spread of an innovation/idea through a population in an area in such a way that the number of those influenced continues to grow larger. - This occurs in many ways: contagious, hierarchical, stimulus diffusion
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Heirarchical Diffusion
the spread of cultural outward from most interconnected places, centers of wealth & importance, from people of power/influence to other people, smaller cities, social classes, or LDC. - leapfrogging can occur over areas
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Stimulus Diffusion
occurs when people in a culture adopt an underlying idea or process from another culture but modify it because they reject one trait of it.
Ex: McDonalds Menu is different in other countries based on what people there eat
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Contagious Diffusion
cultural trait spreads continuously outward from its heath through contact among people. Happens rapidly
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Relocation Diffusion
the spread of a cultural trait by people who migrate and carry their cultural traits with them
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Hearth
The original location of a new idea, innovation, or characteristic
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Site
Characteristics at the immediate (absolute) location - soil type, climate, labor force, human structures...
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Situation
Location of a place relative to its surroundings and other places
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Spatial Information
focuses on things such as location, distance, direction, patterns, interconnection, - movement or people/things - changes in places over time - human perceptions of space
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Qualitative Data
Data not usually represented by numbers, and is collected as interviews, document archives, descriptions, visual observations. This data is harder to analyze as people's perceptions, opinions, & reasoning can distort data. But this type of data are important parts of human geography
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Quantitate Data
information that can be measured and recorded using numbers.
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Density
The frequency with which something exists within a given unit of area