Biology 2: Quiz 2 (Stems + Roots + Flowers + Fruits)

(Plant) Node

- area in which leave\s are able to grow
- location of buds that can grow into branches and aerial roots

Internode

refers to the space between nodes on a stem

Dormant bud

this type of buds in the node will grow out into new stems

Apical or Terminal buds

- this occur at the end or apex of the stem

Axillary Bud

- occur at a leaf node, where a leaf emerges from the stem of a stem

Lenticel

- helps in the gaseous exchange between the atmosphere and internal tissue of the stem
- also helps in transpiration
- helps in allowing the oxygen into the stem and CO2 out

Lenticular Transpiration

transpiration process of lenticel

when the STOMATA closes

when does lenticular transpiration occur

Oxygen, carbon dioxide

lenticels help in allowing _________________ in and ______________ out

Rhizome

- also called creeping rootstalk
- horizontal underground plant capable of producing the shoot and root systems of a new plant

Rhizome

what is this?

Corm

- condensed form of a stem
- grows in the vertical direction
- spherical in shape with a flattened base
- adventitious roots are present either in the base or the whole body

Corm

what is that

Tubers

enlarged structures in some plant species used as storage organs for nutrients

Tubers

potato is what kind of stem modification

Runners / Stolon

- it is a creeper that runs horizontally on the SURFACE of the soil
- they break off and grow as independent plants

Runner / Stolon

what is that

Suckers

- arises from the basal part of the main stem
- before separating from the original plant, it develops adventitious roots and leafy shoots
- moves horizontally under the soil for a distance then grows obliquely upwards

Offset

a modification of a stem wherein the lateral branch of the stem has short internode and each node bearing a rosette of leaves and a tuft of roots
- usually found in aquatic plants

offset

Water lettuce is an example of

Thorns

there are straight, pointed, hard, or woody structures sometimes they bear leaves, flowers, or may even be branched

Thorns

this is an example of

Thorns

a lemon tree is an example of

Rhizome
Corm
Tubers
Runners/Stolon
Sucker
Offset
Thorns

what are the modifications of a stem

Roots

this anchors a vascular plant to the soil, absorb minerals and water, and often store carbohydrates

Root system

it refers to the subterranean or underground part of the plant body

Shoot system

refers to the aboveground parts of a plant body

Geotropism

Roots, growing downward, is a manifestation of

primary root
lateral root
root hairs
zone of maturation
zone of elongation
root tip
root cap
meristematic zone

parts of a root

Taproot and Fibrous

2 types of root systems

Taproot

it is the root system in which has a primary/main root

- plant root system anchors the plant body to the soil and provide physical support
- taproot system provides more support

Functions of roots: Anchorage and Support

Taproot

what root system is more efficient in providing physical support

- root systems absorb water, oxygen, nutrients, and etc through the use of root hairs
- capable of absorbing inorganic nutrients
- from roots, nutrients are delivered upward to the parts in need

Functions of roots: Absorption and conduction

fibrous root system

what root system is more efficient for absorbing and conducting

- the root serves as a storage organ for water and carbohydrates
- ex: carrots, yam bean
- Fibrous roots store less starch than taproots

Functions of roots: Storage

some roots are capable of doing photosynthesis such as epiphytic orchids and aerial roots of mangrove trees

Functions of roots: Photosynthesis

- plants that grow in stagnant water or other watery places have modified roots called pneumatophores to which oxygen from air diffuses

Functions of roots: Aeration

- in many bulb and corm-forming plants, contractile roots pull the plant downward to a much more stable environment

Functions of roots: Movement

Contractile roots

this type of roots is responsible for pulling the plant into a more stable environment

- root system is also a natural mean for perpetuating a species
- new plants emerge from left over tuberous roots
ex: sweet potato and yam bean

Functions of roots: Reproduction

- anchorage and support
- absorption and conduction
- storage
- photosynthesis
- aeration
- movement
- reproduction

Functions of roots

Buttress

- are aerial extensions of lateral surface roots
- stabilize the tree, especially in shallow saturated soils

buttress

Prop roots

any of the modified roots that arise from the stem of certain plants and provide extra support

prop roots

Pneumatophores

an aerial root specialized for gaseous exchange

pneumatophores

Aerial or strangling roots

- extends to the ground
- supporting the growing tree
- strangles the host tree

strangling roots

Storage roots

- the taproot becomes enlarged and swollen due to the storage of the food

Storage roots

carrots and turnips are examples of what roots

buttress
prop root
pneumatophores
aerial or strangling roots
storage roots

root adaptations

petals
stigma
style
ovary
ovule
filament
anther
sepal
receptacle

different parts of a flower

Stamen:

anther and filament

male reproductive parts of a flower

carpel:

style, stigma, ovary

female reproductive part of a flower

Calyx

-outermost whorl of a flower
- consists of sepals

Sepals

- are usually green
- enclose and protect the developing bud

Corolla

- whorl next to calyx
- consists of petals

Petals

responsible for attracting pollinators

Androecium

- whorl next to the corolla
- consists of male organs

Anther

what male organ contains the pollen

Gynoecium

- innermost whorl of a flower
- contains the female organs called CARPELS

Ovary

in carpel, what contains the ovule

Style

in carpel, it is the slender column-shaped structure

Stigma

it is responsible for receiving the pollen grains

Fruit

it is the fleshy or dry ripened ovary of a flowering plant, enclosing the seed or seeds

Exocarp
Mesocarp
Endocarp

3 layers of a fruit, collectively called pericarp

Exocarp

- outermost layer of the pericarp
- usually called the skin, peel, or husk
- covers the mesocarp

Mesocarp

- refers to the middle layer of a fruit
- usually the fleshy plump part

Endocarp

- innermost layer of the pericarp
- can consist different textures or consistency that surrounds and protect the seed/s

Drupes

- a fleshy fruit with often soft exocarp, containing a large seed
- ex: peaches, cherries, blackberries

Berries

- fleshy fruit formed from the ovary of a flower
- seed/s are embedded in the flesh
- blueberries, gooseberries, cranberries

Pomes

- fruits in this category have a fleshy area surrounding a core containing the seeds
- examples: apple

Hesperidia

- fruits have a thick, tangy, leathery, rind/peel with oil glands
- sectioned pulp
- ex: lemon, oranges, etc

Pepo

- fruits that have multiple seeds throughout the flesh or grouped together in the center
- melon is one of the largest pepo fruit

- drupe
- berries
- Pomes
- Hesperidia
- Pepo

Type of fruits

M: Circular
E: Cross

Monocots vs Eudicots: Root

M: Vascular bundles are scattered
E: Vascular bundles are in a ring

Monocots vs Eudicots: Stem

M: Parallel Pattern
E: Net pattern

Monocots vs Eudicots: Leaf

M: in threes + multiples
E: fours or fives + multiples

Monocots vs Eudicots: Flower

Dicotyledons

- taproots are members of this group
- netlike venation
- flowers are tetramerous or pentamerous
- vascular bundles arranged in a ring, numbers of 2-6, open with cambium
- has seeds with two dicots

Monocotyledon

- adventitious roots are members of this group
- parallel venation of leaves
- flowers are trimerous, three in each floral whorl
- vascular bundles are scattered, many in number, closed and without cambium
- seeds only have 1 cotyledon