Chapter7

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23 Terms

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Photosynthesis
The process by which organisms use light energy to build high-energy organic molecules.
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Autotrophs
Organisms that can make their own food using light; includes plants, algae, and some bacteria.
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Heterotrophs
Organisms that eat autotrophs to obtain energy.
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Chloroplasts
Organelles in plant cells where photosynthesis occurs.
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Chlorophyll
The pigment found in chloroplasts that captures light energy for photosynthesis.
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Thylakoids
Membranous sacs within chloroplasts where light-dependent reactions occur.
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Granum
A stack of thylakoids in chloroplasts.
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Stroma
The fluid-filled space in chloroplasts where light-independent reactions occur.
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Light-dependent reactions
Reactions in photosynthesis that use light energy to make ATP and NADPH.
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Light-independent reactions
Reactions that use ATP and NADPH to convert carbon dioxide into glucose.
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RuBisCO
An enzyme that combines carbon dioxide with ribulose in the Calvin cycle.
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Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate
A 3-carbon molecule formed in the light-independent reactions, used to make sugars and other molecules.
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Electron transport chain
A series of proteins in the thylakoid membrane that facilitate the transfer of excited electrons to produce ATP.
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ATP synthase
An enzyme that uses a proton gradient to synthesize ATP from ADP.
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Calvin cycle
Also known as the dark reactions; a series of light-independent reactions in photosynthesis.
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Pigments
Molecules that absorb specific wavelengths of light, reflecting others.
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Photosystems
Structures in the thylakoid membranes that capture light energy.
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Photon
A packet of light energy that excites electrons in pigment molecules.
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Carbon fixation
The process of converting CO2 into organic molecules during the Calvin cycle.
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Vascular bundles
Structures in leaves that contain xylem and phloem, facilitating transport.
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Mesophyll
The tissue in leaves where photosynthesis primarily occurs.
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Cuticle
A waxy layer on leaf surfaces that helps reduce water loss.
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Epidermis
The outer layer of cells on leaves that provide protection.