Allied exam

Anatomical position

standing upright, feet shoulder width apart, arms by each side with palms facing forward

anterior

towards the front of body

Posterior (dorsal)

towards the back of body

lateral

away from midline of body

Medial

towards midline of body

Distal

Further from the origin of a limb or other stucture

Proximal

closer from the origin of a limb or other stucture

superficial

closer to the surface of the skin

deep

further from the surface of the skin

superior

above

Inferior

below

Cranial

closer to the head

caudal

closer to the tail

rostral

closer to the nose

occipital

closer to the back of head

plantar

pertaining to plantar surface (underside of foot)

palmar

pertaining to palm of the hand

internal

inside

external

outside

dorsal

closer to the back of body

ventral

closer to the belly

bilateral

affecting a paired structure on both sides of the body

unilateral

affecting a paired structure on one side of the body

ipsilateral

affecting a structure on the same side of the body

contralateral

affecting a structure on the opposite side of the body

prone

laying face down

supine

laying face up

Frontal(coronal) plane

divides body into anterior and posterior portions

Sagittal (lateral) plane

divides the body into left and right portions

Transverse (axial) plain

divides the body into superior and inferior portions

Flexion

Bending a limb or a joint, reducing the joint angle

Example: Bending your knee

Extension

Straightening a limb or a joint, increasing the joint angle

Example: Straightening your knee

Abduction

Moving a body part away from the midline of the body

Example: moving arms out to the side

Adduction

Moving a body part towards the midline of the body

Example: moving arms to sit by each side of the body

Circumduction

movement of a body part around a joint in a circular motion

Example: Moving your wrist in a circular motion

Rotation

When a bone or limb pivots around a joint

Example: moving your wrist from left to right

Inversion

Rotation of the sole of the foot inwards

Eversion

Rotation of the sole of the foot outwards

Protraction

Movement of a body part in an anterior direction

(Only occurs at scapula and mandible)

Example: Moving your shoulders forward to bring your shoulder blades apart

Retraction

Movement of a body part in an anterior direction

(Only occurs at scapula and mandible)

Example: Moving your shoulder back to bring your shoulder blades together

Dorsiflexion

Pointing the toes upwards towards the dorsum of the foot

Plantar flexion

Pointing the toes downward towards the plantar surface of the foot

Elevation

movement in a superior direction

Example: shrugging your shoulders up towards your ears

Depression

movement in an inferior direction

Example: Bringing your shoulders from a shrugged position, down to their resting position

Pronation

Rotation of the forearm or foot so that the palmar or plantar surface points downwards or backwards

(Occurs mostly at the forearm)

Supination

Rotation of the forearm or foot so that the palmar or plantar surface points upwards or forwards

(Occurs mostly at the forearm)

Function of carbohydrates

primary energy source, energy storage in liver and muscle cells

Function of proteins

Repair and maintenance

enzymes

protein that has an active site which is specific and complementary to a substrate for its role

Function of lipids

insulation for thermoregulation, protection of organs, secondary energy source

Function of water

• transport blood and nutrients

• lubrication of joints and cavities

• Sweating

• removal of waste

Metabolism

Metabolism refers to the whole sum of reactions that occur throughout the body within each cell and that provide the body with energy

What are the 2 metabolic reactions

anabolic and catabolic

Anabolic reactions

use smaller molecules to build larger substances, usually requiring energy

Catabolic reactions

break down larger substances into smaller molecules, usually releasing energy

What is aerobic cellular respiration

• occurs in the mitochondria

• where glucose is broken into C02 and H20 in the presence of 02 , releasing energy for cell use

aerobic cellular respiration worded equation

6 glucose + 6oxygen -> 6C02 + 6H20 (+30-32 ATP)

Homeostasis

is the condition of maintaining a relatively stable internal environment, within narrow limits, in the face of external change !!!

Variables regulated by homeostasis

• body temperature

• blood pressure

• blood glucose levels

• blood ph

• heart rate

• respiratory rate

Receptor

a structure that detects change within the body

control centre / coordinator

usually apart of the brain ( hypothalamus), that processes information from the receptor and works to initiate a response

Effector

a body part which takes action to respond to the stimulus

Example: blood vessels dilate when body temp is too high

Response

outcome of the process, it'll either amplify or oppose the change depending on the feedback loop