English Writing and Grammar Concepts

Flashcards based on lecture slides covering formal vs. informal English, connotations, noun types, subject-verb agreement, sentence structure, punctuation, capitalization, paragraph unity, coherence, and the revision/editing process.

Formal English

Polite, correct, and professional language used in essays, reports, and official communication that avoids contractions and slang.

Informal English

Casual language used with friends in chats, messages, and casual conversation that often uses contractions and slang.

Connotation

The feeling or idea a word gives beyond its dictionary meaning, which can be positive, negative, or neutral.

Abstract Nouns

Nouns that represent ideas or qualities that cannot be touched, such as love, freedom, happiness, justice, and honesty.

Concrete Nouns

Nouns that represent physical things that can be perceived with the senses, such as a table, cat, chair, car, or apple.

Subject-Verb Agreement

The grammatical rule requiring that the subject and verb match in number and person (e.g., singular subjects with singular verbs, plural subjects with plural verbs).

Incomplete Sentence

A sentence fragment that lacks a subject, verb, or complete thought. compund sentence uses so but and . complex when because although

Connectors

Words such as linkers and conjunctions that link ideas and make writing flow logically. Which connector shows cause and effect? therefore

to use contrast we use However

Capitalization

Writing the first letter of a word in uppercase, required for the first word of a sentence, proper nouns, and the pronoun 'I'.

Punctuation

Marks (full stop, comma, question mark, exclamation mark, apostrophe, quotation marks) that show pauses and organize writing to clarify meaning.

Unity

A writing principle where all sentences in a paragraph focus on the same main idea, destroyed by off-topic or irrelevant details.

Coherence

A quality of writing where thoughts flow logically and connections between ideas are clear, often aided by connectors like 'however' or 'therefore'.

Detail

Specific, clear information provided in writing that supports the main idea.

Vagueness

Writing that is overly general or unclear, making the content weak.جمله مب واضحه

Revision

The writing process stage involving changing ideas, reorganizing, and improving content before editing.

Editing

The writing process stage involving correcting grammar, punctuation, and spelling errors after revision.