unit 1 - updated flashcards

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207 Terms

1

Identical twins (monozygotic)

Twins that result from one fertilized egg that splits into two embryos.

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2

Fraternal twins (dizygotic)

Twins that result from two separate fertilized eggs.

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3

Peripheral Nervous System

The part of the nervous system that includes everything except the brain and spinal cord.

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4

Autonomic Nervous System

A division of the peripheral nervous system that controls automatic actions of internal organs and glands.

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5

Sympathetic Nervous System

Part of the autonomic nervous system that arouses the body and uses energy in stressful situations.

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6

Parasympathetic Nervous System

Part of the autonomic nervous system that calms the body and conserves energy.

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7

Somatic Nervous System

Part of the peripheral nervous system that controls voluntary movements of skeletal muscles.

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8

Central Nervous System

The part of the nervous system that consists of the brain and spinal cord.

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9

Action Potential

The phase when a neuron fires and sends an impulse down its length.

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10

Refractory Period

The period when a neuron is recharging after sending a signal.

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11

Resting Potential

The state when a neuron is charged but waiting to send the next signal.

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12

Neurons

Nerve cells that are the building blocks of the nervous system, which receive, carry, and pass electrochemical information.

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13

Spinal Cord

The part of the central nervous system that mediates body reflexes and communication between the brain and peripheral nervous system.

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14

Brain

The organ that influences senses, movement, and information processing.

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15

Sensory neurons

Neurons that transmit information from sensory organs to the brain or spinal cord; also known as afferent neurons.

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16

Motor neurons

Neurons that carry signals from the brain or spinal cord to muscles or glands; also known as efferent neurons.

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17

Interneurons

Neurons that relay information between other neurons, only found in the brain and spinal cord; for example, involved in reflex actions.

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18

SSRI (Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors)

A type of antidepressant that allows more serotonin to pass messages between nearby neurons.

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19

Neurotransmitters

Molecules that transmit signals across a synapse from one neuron to another.

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20

Excitatory Postsynaptic Potential (EPSP)

A change in the neuron's membrane potential that makes it more likely to fire, occurring when a neurotransmitter binds to a receptor and depolarizes the neuron.

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21

Inhibitory Postsynaptic Potential (IPSP)

A change in the neuron's membrane potential that makes it less likely to fire, occurring when a neurotransmitter binds to a receptor and hyperpolarizes the neuron.

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22

Agonist

A substance that mimics or enhances the action of a neurotransmitter.

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23

Antagonist

A substance that opposes or blocks the action of a neurotransmitter.

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24

Morphine and opium-based drugs

Drugs that elevate pleasure and mood, and reduce pain, by increasing the activity of neurotransmitters like endorphins.

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25

Curare

A paralyzing poison that acts as an antagonist, opposing the action of certain neurotransmitters.

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26

Acetylcholine (ACh)

A neurotransmitter that is critical to motor movement by delivering messages from neurons to muscles, and plays a role in learning and memory.

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27

Deficit in Acetylcholine (ACh)

Causes Alzheimer's disease.

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28

Dopamine

A neurotransmitter crucial for motor movement, alertness, and attention.

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29

Deficit of dopamine

Leads to Parkinson’s disease.

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30

Excess of dopamine

Associated with schizophrenia, often treated with antipsychotic drugs that block dopamine receptors, limiting dopamine transmission across synapses.

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31

Endorphins

Neurotransmitters involved in pain control, stress reduction, and feelings of pleasure; often referred to as 'natural opiates'.

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32

Deficit of endorphins

Can lead to potential addiction as endorphins are involved in pain control and pleasure.

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33

GABA (Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid)

The brain’s major inhibitory neurotransmitter that controls the excitability of neurons.

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34

GABA deficit

Can cause symptoms such as seizures and insomnia.

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35

Glutamate

The brain's major excitatory neurotransmitter, crucial for creating links between neurons, which form the basis of learning and long-term memory.

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36

Excess of glutamate

Can lead to overstimulation of the brain and result in seizures.

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37

Norepinephrine (noradrenaline)

Involved in the 'fight or flight' response; it controls alertness, arousal, heart rate, circulation, respiration, and mood elevation.

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38

Deficit of norepinephrine

Often linked to depression.

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39

Serotonin

A neurotransmitter that helps in mood regulation, sleep, and hunger.

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40

Deficit of serotonin

Commonly associated with depression.

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41

Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRIs)

Medications that prevent the reabsorption of serotonin in the synapses, thereby increasing serotonin levels.

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42

Glial cells (neuroglia)

Non-neuronal cells that support and protect neurons in the brain and spinal cord, assisting in the production of myelin.

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43

Activation of glial cells

Can be activated by peripheral nerve injury, physical/psychological injury, toxins, infections, and hypoxia/ischemia.

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44

Endocrine System (hormonal system)

A slow chemical communication system made up of glands that release hormones into the bloodstream.

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45

Hypothalamus

The brain region that controls the pituitary gland.

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46

Pituitary gland

A gland that releases various hormones, some of which affect other glands in the endocrine system.

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47

Prolactin

A hormone produced by the pituitary gland that stimulates breast milk production after birth.

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48

FSH (Follicle Stimulating Hormone)

A hormone released by the pituitary gland that promotes the growth and development of ovarian follicles during the menstrual cycle.

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49

LH (Luteinizing Hormone)

A hormone that stimulates the release of an egg during the menstrual cycle.

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50

Thyroid gland

A gland that affects metabolism, energy levels, body temperature, memory, heart rate, and immune system function.

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51

Parathyroids

Glands that help regulate the level of calcium in the blood.

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52

Adrenal Glands

Glands whose inner part, the medulla, triggers the fight-or-flight response.

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53

Adrenaline

A hormone that elevates heart rate and initiates glucose release during stress.

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54

Pancreas

An organ that regulates the level of sugar in the blood.

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55

Insulin

A hormone that stores excess glucose for energy and regulates blood sugar levels.

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56

Ovary

An organ that releases female sex hormones.

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57

Progesterone

A hormone released after ovulation that prepares the body for potential pregnancy.

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58

Oestrogen

A hormone affecting the urinary tract and cardiovascular system.

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59

Testis

An organ that releases male sex hormones.

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60

Growth hormone

A hormone that regulates energy, metabolism, and aids in repair.

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61

Cortisol/DHEA

Hormones that regulate the body’s response to stress.

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62

Testosterone

A hormone present in both men and women that regulates energy, metabolism, mood, feeling of well-being, maintains muscle, regulates red blood cell production, menstruation, tissue and bone mass, sex drive, and fertility.

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63

Estrogen

A hormone present in women that controls hot flashes, maintains bone density, enhances memory, and increases serotonin and dopamine levels.

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64

Progesterone

A hormone present in women that helps with sleep, reduces anxiety, calms the brain, and protects the uterus.

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65

Pineal Gland

A gland that produces melatonin, which supports good sleep, helps the body relax, and lowers body temperature.

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66

Active Vitamin D (calcitriol)

A steroid hormone produced when the kidneys convert vitamin D, which regulates calcium and phosphorus levels in the body and supports bone health.

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67

SHBG (Sex Hormone Binding Globulin)

A protein that binds to estrogen and testosterone to transport these hormones in the blood and controls how much testosterone body tissues can use.

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68

Psychoactive Drug

A chemical substance that alters perceptions and mood.

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69

Physical Dependence

A physiological need for a drug, characterized by the development of tolerance and the need for more of the drug to achieve the same effect, leading to bad withdrawal symptoms.

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70

Psychological Dependence

A psychological need for a drug, often to relieve negative emotions.

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71

Substance Abuse

A pattern of drug use that negatively impacts home life, work, or school.

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72

Tolerance

A phenomenon where, after regular use, the effect of a drug becomes less potent.

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73

Withdrawal

Discomfort and distress experienced after the discontinuation of a drug.

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74

Depressants

Drugs that reduce neural activity and slow body functions, such as alcohol, barbiturates, tranquilizers, and opiates.

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75

Stimulants

Drugs that excite neural activity and speed up bodily functions, such as caffeine, nicotine, amphetamines, and cocaine.

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76

Hallucinogens

Psychedelic drugs that distort perceptions and cause a loss of contact with reality, such as LSD.

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77

Alcohol

A depressant that slows brain activity controlling judgment and inhibition, leading to physical and psychological dependence, with severe withdrawal symptoms.

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78

Opiates

Opium-based drugs such as morphine and heroin that depress neural activity and temporarily reduce pain and anxiety, with high risks of overdose and severe withdrawal symptoms.

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79

Ecstasy (MDMA)

A synthetic stimulant and mild hallucinogen that poses short and long-term health risks due to potential damage to neuroconnections between the cortex and lower brain centers.

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80

THC

The major active ingredient in marijuana (weed) that causes mild hallucinations and psychological dependence.

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81

Leisoning

Destroying a part of the brain.

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82

Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy (CTE)

A condition caused by repeated traumatic brain injuries, such as multiple concussions in a row, which can lead to dementia.

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83

Medulla

It controls breathing and heart rate.

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84

pons

It regulates sleep and wakefulness.

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85

Cerebellum

It coordinates movement and postural reflex.

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86

Reticular Formation

It oversees arousal and attentional processes.

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87

Thalamus

It serves as the primary relay station for the senses.

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88

Limbic System

It controls emotions and memory.

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89

Hippocampus

It is involved in memory, often remembered as 'hippo on campus'.

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90

hypothalamus

Fight, flight, feeding, and fucking.

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91

Amygdala

It is associated with emotions such as fear and anger.

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92

Cerebral Cortex

The upper, wrinkled area of the brain that includes the lobes.

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93

Frontal Lobes

They are involved in decision making.

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94

Temporal Lobes

They are important for hearing, balance, and memory.

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95

Occipital Lobes

It is responsible for visual processing.

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96

Parietal Lobes

They receive sensory information.

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97

Corpus Callusum

A structure of nerve cells that connects the two hemispheres of the brain.

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98

Aphasia

Aphasia is a partial or complete inability to communicate or understand language due to brain damage.

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99

Broca

responsible for speech production; if it is __, no talka.

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100

Wernicke

plays a role in understanding speech.

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