bi 114 - lecture 20 (part 2)

Is whooping cough an upper or lower respiratory tract infection?

Whooping cough is an upper respiratory tract infection.

• you're coughing and you cough up out of your mouth yk.

violent cough is another name for what disease

Whooping cough/Pertussis

Is whooping cough a bacterial or viral disease?

Whooping cough is a bacterial disease

What bacteria causes whooping cough?

Bordetella pertussis

True or false: Bordetella pertussis is a gram negative bacillus bacteria.

True, bordetella pertussis is a gram negative rod

How is whooping cough transmitted?

Whopping cough is acquired by inhalation of aerosolized droplets.

What is the incubation period time for whooping cough?

The incubation period for whooping cough is 7-21 days.

How is whopping cough treated

Usually with antibiotics or the DTap vaccine.

catarrhal stage of whooping cough

stage of whooping cough characterized by fever, sneezing, vomiting, and mild, dry persistent cough (symptoms of upper respiratory tract infection).

Paroxysmal stage of whooping cough

Violent rapidly repeats cough, followed by a struggling deep breath that makes a whooping noise

convalescent stage of whooping cough

Paroxysms gradually disappear during the next 2-3 weeks as patient recovers

Who gets the DTaP vaccine?

It's usually administered to young children, but people of ALL ages can get their own version of it (Tdap is used for people older than 6)

Is bronchitis usually viral or bacterial?

VIRAL but it can be bacterial (even allergen induced)

Is bronchitis an upper or lower respiratory infection?

Bronchitis is a lower respiratory tract infection.

• Bronchitis affects the bronchi and that makes me think of the lungs. Lungs are lower. Bronchitis has a deep cough so I think of it coming from deep below. also bronchi are lower.

What is bronchitis

inflammation of the bronchi

symptom of bronchitis

Persistent cough

What causes bronchitis?

There are multiple viral and bacterial etiologies that cause bronchitis.

Is bronchitis acute or chronic?

It can be either acute or chronic. It's acute when the cough persists for more than 5 days

What is used to treat bronchitis?

Azithromycin is the drug of choice (antibiotic) for bronchitis.

Is pneumonia an upper or lower respiratory tract infections?

Pneumonia is a lower respiratory tract infection. Think of an LPN like the nurse. L for lower. P for pneumonia.

Is pneumonia viral or bacterial?

It is usually BACTERIAL. P looks like B

What is pneumonia?

inflammation of the lungs

community acquired pneumonia

a type of pneumonia that results from contagious infection outside of a hospital or clinic

Typical pneumonia is caused by what?

It is caused by S. pneumoniae

Atypical pneumonia is caused by what?

It is caused by ANYTHING OTHER THAN S. PNEUMONIAE like mycoplasma pneumonia, legionella, and chlamydophila.

Which has milder symptoms, typical or atypical pneumonia?

Typical pneumonia usually has milder symptoms.

Is legionellosis an upper or lower respiratory tract infection?

Legionellosis is a lower respiratory tract infection. L for lower.

Is legionellosis bacterial or viral?

Legionellosis is bacterial. It's caused by legionella pneumophila.

What kind of bacteria is legionella pneumophila?

gram negative rods

Legionellosis pneumophila contaminates what sources?

Water sources

How is Legionella transmitted?

aerosal, from environmental water source

Is legionellosis an intracellular or extracellular pathogen?

Legionellosis is an INTRAcellular pathogen that evades phagocytosis.

True or false: mycoplasma pneumoniae causes atypical pneumonia

True. Mycoplasma pneumoniae causes atypical pneumonia.

Mycoplasma

Bacterial genus that LACKS a rigid cell walla and usually exist in filamentous form

True or false: mycoplasma pneumoniae is the smallest known species of bacteria.

TRUE. Mycoplasma pneumoniae is the smallest known species of bacteria.

Symptoms of atypical pneumonia (caused by m. pneymonia) include what?

Headache, malaise, low-grade fever, chills, nonproductive cough

What is the most common cause of hospital acquired pneumonia?

Pseudomonas aeruginosa

What kind of bacteria is pseudomonas aeruginosa?

Opportunistic, gram negative pathogen

Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a major contributor to pneumonia and mortality in patients with what disease?

Cystic fibrosis

Mantaux test

a diagnostic tool used to detect exposure to the bacteria that cause tuberculosis (TB)

Is tuberculosis an upper or lower respiratory tract infection?

tuberculosis is a lower respiratory tract infection (tuberculosis is lowww it's quite evil)

Is tuberculosis bacterial or viral

Tuberculosis is a bacterial infection

Mycobacterium tuberculosis

Bacteria that causes tuberculosis

MDR-TB

Produces rapid onset (fulminant) and fatal disease among patients with HIV. Highly infectious even to healthy people without HIV

How is tuberculosis spread

TB is spread through airborne droplets

Does tuberculosis have an animal reservoir?

yes, cattle sometimes serve as a reservoir for zoonotic TB

How is tuberculosis treated

9-12 months of Isoniazid (long course of antibiotics)

Tubercules

Small hard granulomas form around the site of the tuberculosis infection

Pathogenesis of tuberculosis

Bacteria enter lung, are phagocytized by macrophages, and survive sheltered within modified phagolysosomes.

What do tubercles develop into?

They develop into caseous lesions that have a cheese like consistency and can calcify into hardened Ghon complexes seen on X-rays.

latent tuberculosis

Bacilli contained by immune system. Alive bacteria, but not infectious.

Active tuberculosis

Contagious infection with M. tuberculosis.

Characterized by a productive cough, sputum, fever, night sweats, and weight loss.

Calcified Ghon complex of TB

Cavity formation in tuberculosis

Coccidiodomycosis

Fungal respiratory infection. Endemic in the U.S. also known as valley fever.

What causes Coccidioidomycosis?

The fungus Coccidioides immitis.

Histoplasmosis

fungal infection of the lungs that causes flu like illness, erythema nodosum, arthritis, and arthralgia. Found in Ohio and Mississippi River valleys

What causes histoplasmosis

The fungus Histoplasma capsulatum

Blastomycosis

Fungal respiratory infection caused by blastomyces dermatitis (dimorphic fungus). Found in Ohio and missispipi river valleys and Eastren U.S.

Is Blastomyces dermatitis dimrophic?

Yes, blastomyces is dimorphic.

Cryptococcus

Fungal respiratory infection that can involve skin, lungs, prostrate gland, urinary tract, eyes, bones, and joints

What causes cryptococcosis?

The fungi Cryptococcus neoformans

Meningoencephalitis

The most prevalent clinical form of cryptococcosis in AIDS patients.