AP HUG Unit 1-3 Vocab

Reference maps

Maps that show the location of the geographic areas for which they provide information.

Physical maps

Maps that depict natural features of the Earth, such as mountains, rivers, and lakes.

Political maps

Maps that show governmental boundaries of countries, states, and counties.

Road maps

Maps designed for motorists that show roads, highways, and points of interest.

Locator maps

Maps that provide a general overview of a location within a larger context.

Thematic maps

Maps that focus on a specific theme or subject area, such as climate or population.

Choropleth maps

Maps that use color or shading to represent data values in predefined areas.

Dot distribution maps

Maps that use dots to represent the presence of a feature or phenomenon.

Isoline maps

Maps that connect points of equal value, such as elevation or temperature.

Graduated symbol maps

Maps that use symbols of varying sizes to represent data values.

Topographic map

A detailed and precise map that represents terrain relief and landforms.

Cartograms

Maps that distort the size of geographic areas to represent data values.

Absolute distance

The exact measurement of the space between two locations, typically in units like kilometers or miles.

Relative distance

The distance between two locations as measured by the time or cost to travel between them.

Direction

The course along which someone or something moves, often expressed in terms of compass points.

Clustering

The grouping of similar items or phenomena in a specific area.

Dispersed

The spread of items or phenomena over a wide area.

Elevation

The height above sea level of a geographic location.

Absolute location

The precise location of a place on the Earth's surface, often given in coordinates.

Relative location

The position of a place in relation to other locations.

Map distortions

The inaccuracies that occur when representing the three-dimensional Earth on a two-dimensional map.

Time space compression

The reduction in the time it takes for something to reach another place due to advancements in technology.

Mercator projection

A cylindrical map projection that distorts size but preserves shape, commonly used for navigation.

Peters projection

A cylindrical map projection that attempts to represent area accurately but distorts shape.

Robinson projection

A map projection that seeks to minimize distortion of size, shape, distance, and direction.

Polar projection

A map projection that shows the polar regions and is useful for air navigation.

GIS

Geographic Information Systems, a framework for gathering, managing, and analyzing spatial data.

GPS

Global Positioning System, a satellite-based navigation system that provides location and time information.

Remote sensing

The acquisition of information about an object or area from a distance, typically using satellites.

Online mapping

The use of internet-based tools to create and view maps.

Visualization

The representation of data in a visual format to aid understanding.

Field observations

The collection of data through direct observation in a natural setting.

Satellite imagery

Images of the Earth taken from satellites, used for various analyses.

Map scales

The ratio of a distance on the map to the corresponding distance on the ground.

Scales of analysis

The level at which data is analyzed, which can range from local to global.

Distance decay

The principle that the interaction between two locations decreases as the distance between them increases.

Density

The number of individuals or items per unit area.

Human-environment interaction

The ways in which humans adapt to and modify their environment.

Sustainability

The ability to maintain ecological balance by avoiding depletion of natural resources.

Natural resources

Materials or substances occurring in nature that can be exploited for economic gain.

Land-use

The management and modification of natural environment into built environment.

Environmental determinism

The theory that the physical environment predisposes human social development.

Possibilism

The theory that the environment sets certain constraints or limitations, but culture is otherwise determined by social conditions.

Regions

Areas defined by certain unifying characteristics.

Formal region

An area defined by official boundaries and uniform characteristics.

Functional region

An area organized around a node or focal point.

Perceptual/vernacular region

An area defined by people's perceptions or feelings about that area.

Population distribution

The pattern of where people live.

Arithmetic density

The total number of people divided by the total land area.

Physiological density

The number of people per unit area of arable land.

Agricultural density

The ratio of the number of farmers to the amount of arable land.

Infrastructure

The basic physical and organizational structures needed for the operation of a society.

Redistricting

The process of redrawing electoral district boundaries.

Carrying capacity

The maximum population size that an environment can sustain.

Age structure

The distribution of a population based on age.

Sex ratio

The ratio of males to females in a population.

Population pyramids

Graphical representations of the age and sex distribution of a population.

Crude birth rate

The number of live births per 1,000 people in a population per year.

Total fertility rate

The average number of children a woman will have during her lifetime.

Infant mortality rate

The number of infant deaths per 1,000 live births.

Crude death rate

The number of deaths per 1,000 people in a population per year.

Life expectancy

The average number of years a person is expected to live.

Replacement fertility

The total fertility rate at which a population exactly replaces itself from one generation to the next.

Zero population growth

A condition where the number of people in a population neither grows nor declines.

Doubling time

The period of time required for a quantity to double in size or value.

Demographic Transition Model

A model that describes the transition of a country from high birth and death rates to low birth and death rates.

Epidemiological Transition Model

A model that describes the change in population mortality and morbidity patterns.

Malthusian Theory

The theory that population growth will outpace food production, leading to famine and conflict.

Pronatalist policies

Government policies that encourage higher birth rates.

Antinatalist policies

Government policies that discourage birth rates.

Immigration policies

Laws and regulations that govern who can enter a country.

Ravenstein's Laws of Migration

A set of principles that describe migration patterns.

Aging population

A demographic trend where the median age of a population rises.

Dependency ratio

The ratio of dependents (people younger than 15 or older than 64) to the working-age population.

Migration

The movement of people from one place to another.

Push factors

Conditions that drive people to leave their home country.

Pull factors

Conditions that attract people to a new country.

Intervening opportunities

Factors that make a person stop and settle in a location before reaching their final destination.

Intervening obstacles

Barriers that hinder migration.

Emigrant

A person who leaves their country to live in another.

Immigrant

A person who comes to live permanently in a foreign country.

Forced migration

The movement of people against their will, often due to conflict or disaster.

Voluntary migration

The movement of people by choice, often for economic or social reasons.

Slavery (+African Slave Trade)

The forced movement and exploitation of people for labor.

Refugees

People who flee their home country due to persecution or conflict.

Internally displaced persons

People who are forced to flee their home but remain within their country's borders.

Asylum seekers

Individuals who seek international protection from persecution.

Transnational migration

The movement of people across national borders.

Transhumance migration

The seasonal movement of people with their livestock between fixed summer and winter pastures.

Internal migration

The movement of people within a country.

Chain migration

The process by which immigrants from a particular town follow others from that town to a particular destination.

Step migration

Migration that occurs in stages, rather than in one move.

Guest worker

A person who is permitted to work in a country temporarily.

Rural-to-urban migration

The movement of people from the countryside to cities.

Remittances

Money sent back home by migrants to support their families.

Diaspora

The dispersion of any people from their original homeland.

Brain drain

The emigration of highly trained or qualified people from a particular country.

Ethnic enclaves

Communities that are primarily made up of people from the same ethnic background.

Naturalization

The process by which a non-citizen acquires citizenship in a country.

Culture

The social behavior, norms, and practices of a particular group of people.