KIN 202 - calorimetry and fick eqn and VO2 kinetics

energy demand

constant supply of ATP essential for cell to match energy supply with

phosphate bonds

bonds that are high energy bonds

exercise intensity

rate of energy demand increases in proportion to

true

energy supply pathways are responsive to changing energy demand t or f

false

there is an UNLIMITED supply of ATP stored in skeletal muscles t or f

anaerobic

ATP production without oxygen

aerobic

ATP production with oxygen

glycolysis

a metabolic process that breaks down carbohydrates and sugars through a series of reactions to either pyruvic acid or lactic acid and releases energy for the body in the form of ATP. glucose into pyruvate

high energy phosphate transfer system

direct transfer of high-energy phosphate from ATP or phosphocreatine to generate energy

oxidative phosphorylation

metabolic pathways to make energy from CHO, fats, amino acids to produce ATP.

ADP, Pi, H+, energy

first step of HEPT, stored ATP and water makes what

conc. of reactants

second step of HEPT, is influenced by what

ADP, PCr, H+

what are the reactants the second step of HEPT

[ADP] lowers

Third step of HEPT - increases the conc of ATP whenATP hydrolysis is high (when ADP conc is high), what does this do to ADP conc.

adenylate kinase

What enzyme is used with the third step of HEPT (ADP to ATP and AMP)

AMP deaminase

4th step of HEPT to keep [AMP] low, what enzyme is used

in cytosol

where does glycolysis occur

glucose from blood and glycogen

what does glycolysis use

glycolysis

which type of anaerobic ATP production can we use for longer periods of time

CHO stores larger than ATP and PCr stores

why can we use glycolysis for long periods of ATP production

glycolysis

which anaerobic method is slower (relatively)

glycogen granule

insoluble and lowers osmotic pressure by reducing free glucose conc.

intermyofibrillar

`glycogen granules that are between a myofibril is what

phosphorylase

what enzyme is used to turn glucose into glucose 1-phosphate

hexokinase (ATP)

what enzyme does blood glucose use to turn it into glucose 6-phosphate (and what does it use)

rate limiting enzyme

phosphofructokinase turns fructose 6-phosphate into fructose 1,6-biphosphate, but what does it do for the whole process

lactate

in anaeroboic pathways, pyruvate uses NADH to turn into

monocarboxylate transport protein / MCT

lactate uses what enzyme to transport through the blood to the liver or heart

cory cycle

this cycle is involved with the recycling of lactase produced in anaerobic pathway

lactate dehydrogenase / LDH

what enzyme make lactase

pyruvate dehydrogenase / PDH

what enzyme makes Acetyl-CoA

triglyceride stores, glycogen stores

the aerobic system makes continuous ATP from what stores and less extent to what stores

Muscle PCr

what source is known for fast production but low capacity of production

glycogen and triglycerides (aerobically)

what source is known for slow production but high capacity of production

citrate synthase and succinate dehydrogenase (SDH)

what are common markers/enzymes in the CAC of mitochondrial content?

the kreb cycle or CAC

CO2 is produced in what

electron transport train

formation of water from oxygen is used where

food stuff

to sustain function, constant expenditure of ATP is present which requires what

heat energy

eating food and turning it into ATP requires the release of what

direct calorimetry

accurately quantifies energy expenditure by measuring heat released by someone

indirect calorimetry

estimates energy expenditure by measuring chemical by-products VO2 and VCO2

direct

there is a _____________ relationship b/w oxygen consumption and heat production

oxygen consumption

what provides indirect estimate of whole body energy expenditure

VO2

volume of oxygen that the body takes from the atmosphere and delievers it for ATP production in a time frame

L/min

how is VO2 expressed in absolute terms

mL/kh/min

how is VO2 expressed in relative terms

VCO2

the whole body carbon dioxide production of volume of carbon dioxide produced by the body

CAC, kreb cycle

how is CO2 produced metabolically

H+ buffering

how is CO2 made non metabolically

HCO3 and carbonic anhydrase

what other molecule is used for H+ buffering and with what enzyme

0.2 - 0.4 L/min

what is normal resting values for VO2

0.15 - 0.35 L/min

what is normal resting values for VCO2

respiratory quotient (RQ)

reflects composition of fuels oxidized at rest/during exercise in cells of the body

respiratory exchange ratio (RER)

measured in the mouth, giving an estimate of RQ

onset, heavy exercise, recovery

when is the accuracy of RER for estimating RQ reduced

determining the substrate used for oxidation

What is RER used for

CHO

if RER is close to or is 1.0, what substrate is used

fatty acids

if RER is close to or is 0.7, what substrate is used

uses CO and Oxygen content for VO2

what is the fick eqn used for

VO2 = CO (CaO2 - CvO2)

what is the fick eqn

mL o2/ L of blood

content of blood in arterial blood and venous blood is measured in

stroke volume

the volume of blood expelled from the ventricle during each heart beat

50-110 mL/beat

what is normal resting value of SV

exercise intensity

instantaneous increase of ATP with is directly proportional to what

stored ATP and PCr

how do muscles provide immediate supply of ATP for instantaneous ATP production

VO2 kinetics

the exponential increase in VO2 from a prior value to a new steady state

oxygen deficit

the difference between a measured VO2 and the steady-state value after the onset of exercise

HEPT and glycolysis

during oxygen deficit, what energy system is being used

true

all atp supply pathways are always active t or f

time and exercise intensity

how does the relative contribution of each supply pathway change

VO2 at time / VO2 required

how would you determine how much energy is being made from oxidative phosphorylation

3-4 min

When does VO2 plateau during exercise

EPOC

excess post-exercise O2 consumption, where VO2 is elevated for several min after exercise is stopped

rapid component

part of EPOC where PCr is resynthesized to replenish and restore O2 stores

slow component

elevated body temperature and catecholamines, and the conversion of lactate to glucose, also experiences elevated HR and ventilation

4-6 L/min

what is a normal resting value of CO

vasodilation from metabolites

what is TPR mediated by

no = supply and demand are well matched in muscles

Does ATP concentration ever decrease a lot, why or why not