2. Jain Philosophy, Sects, Councils & Architecture

Terms related to Jainism (Moksha & Kaivalya)

Moksha (Salvation / Release from the cycle of rebirth) - Kaivalya (Enlightenment).

Terms related to Jainism (Asrava, Basadis, Kevalin, Jina)

Asrava (Inflow of karmic practices) - Basadis (Jain monasteries) - Kevalin (Perfectly learned) - Jina (A being who has achieved enlightenment and is liberated from cycle of rebirth).

Jain Philosophy Triratnas (Three principles to achieve Moksha)

Right Knowledge (Samyaka Jnana) - Right Faith (Samyaka Darshana) - Right Conduct (Samyaka Charitra).

Five Principles of Living (Vows) or Panch Vrata

Ahimsa (Non-violence) - Satya (Truthfulness) - Asteya (Non-stealing) - Aparigraha (Non-possession/Non-attachment) - Brahmacharya (Celibacy/Chastity).

Addition of the Fifth Vow in Jainism

Lord Mahavira added the fifth vow (vrata) of Brahmacharya to the four existing vows (Chaturyama Dharma) propounded by his predecessor, Parshvanatha.

Division among Jains (Migration to South)

Chandragupta Maurya and Bhadrabahu (A Jain Monk) left Magadha for Karnataka due to severe famine - settled in Shravanabelagola (Chandragiri hills, Karnataka) where Chandragupta Maurya embraced Jainism, undertook Sallekhana (ritual fasting) and passed away.

Division among Jains (Remaining in North)

Another group of Jains chose to remain in Magadha under the leadership of Sthulabhadra - Overtime, differences arose between these two groups.

Digambaras (sky-clad)

The followers of Bhadrabahu, who migrated to the South, adhered to strict ascetic practises, including nudity as a mark of renunciation.

Shwetambaras (white-clad)

Jains who stayed in Magadha, led by Sthulabhadra, adopted more liberal monastic rules, permitting monks to wear white clothes.

1st Jain Council

Leader Sthulabhadra - Place Pataliputra - Time period 298 BC - Text (12 Angas were compiled) - Patronised by Chandragupta Maurya - Bhadrabahu boycotted 1st Jain Council.

2nd Jain Council

Time period 512 AD - Place Valabhi, Gujarat.

Sanghabhuti

An Indian Buddhist who travelled to China at the end of 4th century AD, was the author of a commentary on Sarvastivada Vinaya.

Important Books of Jains (Sutras)

Bhagavati sutra (mentions about Mahajanapadas) - Tattvartha/Tattvarthadhigama Sutra (written by Acharya Umaswati, First book in Jain philosophy) - Agam sutra (sacred books of Jain religion) - Kalpa sutra - Uttaradhyayana Sutra (known for its verses on monk conduct, sermons and poetic teachings).

Important Books of Jains (Other texts and language)

Parishishtaparvan - Trishashtilakshana Mahapurana (or Mahapurana) - Jain literature is written in Prakrit language.

Statue of Rishabh Dev

Statue of Ahimsa is 108 ft tall, located at Mangi Tungi in Nashik, Maharashtra.

Statue of Gommateshwara Bahubali

Son of Rishabh Dev, statue is 57 ft tall, located in Shravanabelagola, Karnataka, where Mahamastakabhisheka festival is celebrated every 12 years.

Jain Cave Architecture locations

Rock Cut Cave Temples (Odisha) - Hathigumpha Caves (Odisha, Kharavela) - Udayagiri and Khandagiri Caves (Odisha) - Ellora Caves (Maharashtra).

Jain Temple Architecture locations

Dilwara Jain Temple (Rajasthan, Mt. Abu) - Khajuraho (Madhya Pradesh).