Chapter 15 The Respiratory System (Animal Anatomy and Physiology 2)

_________is responsible for two processes crucial to survival

respiration

Respiration is responsible for two
processes

external respiration
internal respiration

what provides the body with oxygen and
removes certain waste gases from the body

respiration

The intake of oxygen and removal of waste gases, which occurs in the lungs, is called which of the 2 processes of respiration

external respiration

The transfer of oxygen from the blood to the body's cells and tissues and the removal of waste gases from these cells into the blood is called which of the 2 processes of respiration

internal respiration

Following the path of airflow from outside the body to
the lungs, the parts of the respiratory system includes what 9 structures

nostrils nasal passages
pharynx larynx
trachea bronchi
bronchioles alveolar ducts
alveoli

All anatomical structures of the respiratory tract that are outside of the lungs are referred to as which respiratory tract

upper respiratory tract

which respiratory system consist of

nostrils nasal passages
pharynx larynx
trachea

upper respiratory tract

what system is designed for air to enter the body
mainly through the nostrils

respiratory

what part of the upper respiratory tract allow breathing to continue during chewing food or drinking water

nostrils

what part of the upper respiratory tract are a pair of openings at the front of the face just dorsal to the mouth

nostrils

nares =

nostrils

what part of the upper respiratory tract constructed mostly of cartilage and thick
stratified squamous epithelium

nostrils

what part of the upper respiratory tract feature some muscle and nerve tissue as well as the usual blood vessel supply.

nares

The presence of cartilage with muscle makes
the nose very flexible, allowing the animal to manipulate what (horse race)

the nares to control the amount of air entering the lungs

The larger the diameter of the nares, the more.....
(horse race)
(dog sniffs ground)

air can be moved into the lungs with each breath

Brachycephalic breeds, (Chinese pugs and Persian cats) sometimes have extremely small nares that make breathing difficult. This condition, called

stenotic nares

The nostrils open into what passages

nasal passages

which cavity in the upper respiratory tract is lined with pseudostratified columnar epithelium

nasal cavity

The epithelial cells of which cavity in the upper respiratory tract possess small, finger-like projections
of the cell membrane called __________on the surface.

nasal cavity
cilia

the small, finger-like projections of the cell membrane of the epithelial cells in the nasal cavity

capable of whip-like motions that can move small particles and fluid on the surface of the respiratory passage toward the pharynx.

these are characteristics of what cell membrane in the nasal cavity (upper respiratory tract)

cilia

the small particles moved by the cilia on the surface of the respiratory passage toward the pharynx, can be swallowed to be destroyed by what major body system

digestive system

what is a protective mechanism to prevent the inhalation of small debris and microbes into the lung

pharynx

particles swallowed are pushed toward the pharynx and swallowed to be destroyed by the digestive system

what cells in the nasal cavity are interspersed with the ciliated cells

goblet cells

what produces mucus in a layer over cilia (nasal cavity)

goblet cells

what is a thick high protein liquid that helps trap microbes and debris in a layer over the cilia

mucus

the left and right nasal cavities are separated by a wall called the

nasal septum

what part of the nasal cavities is constructed of bone and cartilage covered with nasal epithelium

nasal septum

Each nasal cavity is partially divided internally by fine scroll-like whorls of bone which arise from the nasal cavity's walls called

turbinates

Each of the chambers within a nasal cavity created by these turbinates is known as

nasal meatus

If the nasal cavity is cut in cross section, on the lateral side you'll see three meatuses called (anatomical direction)

dorsal nasal meatus
middle nasal meatus
ventral nasal meatus

the 3 meatus on the lateral side in the nasal cavity are separated by how many turbinates

2

On the medial side next to the nasal septum is a large meatus called

common meatus

which meatus communicates with the other
three meatuses

dorsal nasal meatus
middle nasal meatus
ventral nasal meatus

common meatus

T/F
All of the meatuses travel the length of the
nasal cavity, eventually communicating with the nasopharynx.

true

The floor of the nasal cavity, known as what

hard palate

The floor of the nasal cavity separates the nasal cavity from the oral cavity just ventral to it. This is known as ...

hard palate

what part of the nasal cavity is composed of palatine bone

hard palate

the sides and roof of the nasal cavity are formed primarily by what bone

maxilla bone

what are cavities within the bones of the skull connected to the nasal cavities via small openings.

paranasal sinuses

Most domestic animals have how many frontal sinuses and how many maxillary sinuses

2

how does the air travel after a breath is taken

air enters nares
passes through meatuses
over turbinates
enters pharynx

where is the pharynx located

lies rostral to larynx

Air passing through the upper respiratory system is moistened by the secretions of the _______ __________, filtered by the cilia and mucus on the surface, and warmed by heat radiating from the _________ ________.

goblet cells

nasal mucosa

when passes through the upper respiratory system and warmed by heat radiating from the nasal mucosa. nerve endings are present in the mucosa for the detection of which sense

smell

bronchi bronchioles
alveolar ducts alveoli

these structures belong to which system

lower respiratory tract

The nasal passages lead into the back of the throat to which part of the upper respiratory tract

pharynx

what part of the upper respiratory tract is a common passageway for both the respiratory and digestive systems

pharynx

The soft palate divides the pharynx into the (dorsal respiratory passageway) (2)

nasopharynx
oropharynx

dorsal respiratory passageway =

nasopharynx

what 2 structures of the upper respiratory tract work together to keep food from entering the respiratory system

larynx
pharynx

how does the larynx and pharynx work together to keep food from entering the respiratory system

when the area is closed the animal isn't breathing

when an animal eats, it has to stop breathing just long enough to get the food down into the digestive tract and not into the lower airways.

what part of the upper respiratory tract acts as the gatekeeper to the lower respiratory tract

larynx

how does the larynx act as the gatekeeper to the lower respiratory tract

preventing food and liquid from entering the lower respiratory tract

what part of the upper respiratory tract is composed of cartilage plates of varying sizes covered with a layer of pseudostratified columnar epithelium

larynx

At the forefront of the larynx is the ________, a diamond-shaped laryngeal cartilage

epiglottis

One of the points of the diamond shaped laryngeal cartilage (epiglottis) projects in which anatomical direction

rostrally

which cartilage of the larynx is hinged at its caudal end with the remainder of the larynx.

epiglottis

the epiglottis is hinged at its caudal end with the larynx. This allows the epiglottis to move in which anatomical direction

dorsal ventral direction

what cartilage of the larynx acts as a flap covering
the glottis for swallowing food or liquid.

epiglottis

glottis =

opening of the larynx

Caudal to the cartilage in the larynx epiglottis is what other type of cartilage in the larynx

thyroid cartilage

which cartilage in the larynx is roughly
U-shaped, with the open end on the dorsal side.

thyroid cartilage

Attached to the caudal side of the thyroid cartilage in the larynx is a cartilage that is ring-shaped called

cricoid cartilage

Lying inside the U-shaped thyroid cartilage in the larynx is a paired type of cartilage

arytenoid cartilages

the fold of tissue that passes between the thyroid and arytenoid cartilage on each side, (larynx)

vocal fold

these folds are responsible for the animals voice (larynx)

vocal fold

Unlike much of the rest of the respiratory system, the
vocal folds are covered with what type of epithelium

stratified squamous epithelium

When air passes over the vocal folds as the animal exhales, the vibration of the vocal folds creates sound waves of a specific _______and ________ (larynx)

pitch
frequency

Various small muscles attach to what in the larynx to control the opening and closing of the larnyx via
the epiglottis.

cartilage

the muscles that attach to cartilage in the larynx maintain tension on which tissue that determines the sound made by the animal

vocal folds

___________are animals that swallow their food and then regurgitate it back through the esophagus into the mouth to chew on it again before swallowing it once more. This process is called _________

ruminants
rumination

what species has a 2nd set of connective tissue bands that arent used in the formation of voice (larynx) (either / or)

nonruminant
vestibular folds
false vocal cords

in between the vocal folds and the vestibular folds of the larynx are blind pouches called

lateral ventricles

when are lateral ventricles removed? condition? what animal?

ventricles are removed when a horse has a
condition called roaring

what part of the upper respiratory tract

acts to protect lower respiratory tract from debris
produces voice
controls airflow to and from lungs

larynx

Caudal to the larynx and attached to the cricoid cartilage is the ______

trachea

which upper respiratory tract structure is lined with a layer of mucous covering the tall, pseudostratified columnar epithelium with cilia on the surface

trachea

the trachea is a series of rings of hyaline cartilage called

tracheal rings

what on the trachea are connected by soft connective tissue to form a tube.

tracheal rings

The connective tissue between the rings is elastic, so the rings can move slightly back and forth, why is this important

important during the breathing process

T/F

The tracheal rings are complete rings

false
c-shaped

the open end of the C-shaped tracheal cartilage ring is on the dorsal / ventral surface of the trachea

dorsal

the open end of the C-shaped tracheal cartilage ring of the trachea is a layer of soft connective tissue and a thin muscle called

trachealis

what muscle muscle covers the opening in the tracheal rings in the trachea

trachealis

As the tracheal muscle contracts, the ends of the tracheal rings are pulled closer together, decreasing what

the size of the tracheal lumen

T/F

The trachea begins as a wide tube that passes down the neck and into the thoracic cavity ending near the base of the heart

true

The trachea ends by dividing into two main
bronchi at a point called

tracheal bifurcation

because the trachea is lined with pseudostratified columnar epithelium with cilia on the surface together they help to remove debris how? (4 steps)

produces a mucus layer
mucus traps debris
cilia moves it back up toward pharynx
swallowed by digestive track

in the trachea if a large amount of debris is inhaled how does this affect mucous production

large amount of mucus is produced

in the trachea if a large amount of mucus is produced due to a large amount of debris is inhale. the increased mucus production causes irritation of the lining
of the trachea, stimulating what type of reflex. The
reflex then helps to clear the passageway of the debris

cough

The lower respiratory tract contain tubes that divide and end in dead-end sacs in the lungs called

alveoli

Most parts of the respiratory system are designed simply to transport air from where to where

outside the body to the lungs

During transport which respiratory tract, the body filters the air to remove debris and infectious organisms.

upper respiratory tract

process of bringing oxygen to all body cells and
carrying carbon dioxide in opposite direction

2 steps
• external respiration
• internal respiration

these are characteristics of what

respiration

Voice Production =

phonation

Voice Production begins in larynx =

voice box

vocal cords =

vocal folds

these are characteristics of what

• stretch across lumen of larynx
• vibrate as air passes over them
• produce basic sound of animal's voice

vocal folds

these are secondary functions of what system

secondary functions
• voice production, body temperature regulation,
acid-base balance regulation, and sense of smell
• inhaled air is warmed to prevent hypothermia

respiration