BIO 223 Chapter 8 Articulations & Movement CSN

Articulations, joints

site of bone-to-bone connection

mobility increases

joint strength decreases as

Arthrology

Study of Joints

type of movement amount/degree of movement: a property called Range of Motion (ROM)

Structure of joints determines:

Range of Motion (ROM)

amount/degree of movement: a property called...

Structural Classification

based on the anatomical organization of the joint

Functional Classification:

based on ROM of the joint -can be further subdivided based on anatomical structure

Suture

Structural Classification of Fibrous Joint: only between skull bones interlocked by dense regular collagenous C.T.

Gomphosis

Structural Classification of Fibrous joint that binds teeth to bony sockets in maxillae and mandible dense regular collagenous C.T. called Periodontal Ligament

Periodontal Ligament band

binds teeth to bony sockets in maxillae and mandible dense regular collagenous C.T. called...

Syndesmosis

Structural Classification of fiborus joint: bones connected by a ligament, a cord / band or sheet of dense regular collagenous C.T.

Interosseous Membranes

Structural Classification Fibrous joint: sheet of dense regular collagenous C.T. that binds neighboring bones

Synchondrosis

Structural Classification Cartilaginous jointa: a rigid, hyaline cartilage bridge between 2 articulating bones

Symphysis

Structural Classification Cartilaginous joints : bones separated by a pad of fibrocartilage

Synostosise

Bony Fusion/Bony Joint: totally rigid & immovable joint - no joint

Syndesmosis

anterior tibiofibular ligament between the tibia and fibula is an example of which type of fibrous joint?

Interosseous Membranes

Between tibia & fibula, radius & ulna are examples of which type of fibrous joints?

Synchondrosis

Epiphyseal plate, between vertebrosternal and vertebrochondral ribs and the sternum are examples of what cartlaginous joint?

Symphysis

Pubic symphysis, intervertebral discs and examples of what type of cartilaginous joint?

bone to bone

ligaments connect what together

Bone to muscle

Tendons connect what together

Costochondritis

Inflammation of the costochondral joints Localized chest pain

Symphysis

The sternum is held together by what type of fiborus joint?

Synarthrosis, Amphiarthrosis, & Diarthrosis

What are the 3 functional classifications of joints?

Synarthrosis

Which functional classicifcation is Immovable Joint bony edges are close together, may interlock fuse, and are extremely strong? joints movement

Synarthrosis

What is the strongest functional classification of joints?

Amphiarthrosis

Which type of functional classification is Slightly Movable (little ROM) Slightly more movement is permitted ?

Diarthrosis

Freely Movable (wide ROM) also called Synovial Joint typically at the ends of Tong bones

monoaxial, biaxial, triaxial, multiaxial goind

Diarthrosis is subdivided by the nature of movement (planes of movement) what are the 4 subdivisions?

Synovial Joints

Diarthroses are what type of joint?

Articular Cartilage, Joint Capsule, Joint Cavity, and Reinforcing Accessory Structures

All synovial joints have 4 Distinguishing Features:

Articular Cartilage

smooth slick hyaline cartilage that covers the ends of the bones, forming the joint preventing contact between the bony surfaces

Articular Capsule

Another name for a Joint Capsule

Joint Capsule

Joint surfaces are enclosed by a capsule of outer fibrous membrane made of dense collagious CT and lined by a smooth inner synovial membrane

symoviocytes + areolar C.T. & elastic fibers

synovial membrane's componants are...?

Joint Cavity

Enclosed by the joint capsule, contains a thin film of lubricating synovial fluid, and contain high concentration of proteoglycans

Lubrication, Nutrient Distribution, &. Shock Absorption

3 Primary Functions of Synovial Fluid

Reinforcing Accessory Structures

pads of cartilage or fat, ligaments, tendons and bursae are examples of

fat pads

localized masses of adipose tissue covered by a layer of synovial membrane, commonly found superficial to the joint capsule, protect articular caftilages, and act as a packing material for the joint

meniscus (menisci (pl)

pad of fibrocartilage

1.) shock absorption 2.) improve the fit between the articulating surfaces, make joint more stable 3.) provide adaptable surfaces for combined movements 4.) weight distribution over a greater contact surface

Functions of Meniscus:

Tendon

Muscle to bone

Ligament

Bone to bone

Tendons

not part of the joint, passes across or around a joint, stabilizes it, and provide mechanical support for it

Sensory Nerves

These are numerous in synovial joints, they detect sensory stimuli monitors movement and stretch of the joint

proprioceptors

Sensory Nerves in joints that detect sensory stimuli, monitors movement and stretch of a joint

golgi tendon organ

proprioceptors that are found in tendons

ligament receptors / golgi-type receptors

proprioceptors that are found in some ligaments

Ligaments:

These support, strengthen, reinforce articulating bones

Sprain

ligament is stretched to the point where some or all the collagen fibers are torn (varies severity)

Bursa (Bursae (pl.)

small, flattened fluid filled pockets contain synovial fluid

Minimize friction

Main purpose of Bursa is to

dense collagenous C.T.

Bursa's outer surface is made of

synovial membrane

Bursa is lined with

Tendon Sheaths (Synovial Sheaths)

Elongated bursa that wraps completely around a tendon, it protects all sides of tendon as they slide back & forth

Bursitis

inflammation of bursa due to excessive local friction, infection, arthritis, or direct trauma

Dislocation(luxation) and Subluxation

Injuries to Synovial Joint

Dislocation

Articulating surfaces forced out of position. Damages articular cartilage, ligaments, joint capsule.

Subluxation

A partial dislocation

Gliding(Linear), Angular/circuduction, and Rotation

Types of Articular Movements

Gliding (Linear) Movement

articulating bone or bones can move in one or more axes, linearly, slipping pass each other

Gliding Movement

Which type of movement is this an example of: back and forth, and side to side

Angular Movement

articulating bone can change angle that pivots at the point of articulation

Rotation Movement:

-partial rotation, not a complete 360° articulating bone can spin at the point of articulation around the longitudinal axis

Gliding (Linear) Movement

Side to side movement

Gliding (Linear) Movement:

Two opposing surfaces slide past one another

Gliding (Linear)

What type of movement are these examples of: articulating carpal bones, between tarsal bones, between clavicles and sternum

Angular Movements

Flexion: Extension: Hyperextension

Flexion

angle decreases between articulating bones

Extension

angle increases between articulating bones

Angular Movement:

movements along the sagittal plane

Hyperextension

extension past the anatomical position (not possible for many joints due to ligaments, bony processes or soft tissue)

Abduction

movement away from the midline of the body in frontal or coronal plane

Adduction

moving towards midline in frontal or coronal plane (back to anatomical position)

Abduction

Along the coronal plane

Rotation;

Direction of rotation from anatomical position, Relative to longitudinal axis of body

Rotation

movement around the longitudinal axis

Left or Right rotation

Rotation of the Head

Medial and Lateral rotation

2 types of rotation of the limbs

Medial rotation

(inward rotation) Rotates toward axis

Lateral rotation

(outward rotation) Rotates away from axis

Inversion

Twists sole of foot medially

Eversion

Twists sole of foot laterally

Dorsiflexion

Flexion at ankle (lifting toes)

Plantar flexion

Extension at ankle (pointing toes)

Opposition

Thumb movement toward fingers or palm (grasping)

Reposition

Thumb brought back to anatomical position

Protraction

Moves anteriorly in the horizontal plane (pushes forward)

Retraction

Moves posteriorly - opposite of protraction (pulls back)

Elevation

Movement in superior direction (up)

Depression

Movement in inferior direction (down)

Lateral Excursion

Mandible moves to the right or left

Medial Excursion

Mandible returns to the midline

Planes of Dynamic Motion or Movement

Nonaxia, Monaxial, Biaxial, & are all?

Nonaxial (Translational)

What plane of dynamic move has gliding allows only small amounts of movement, but may occur back-and-forth, and side-to-side gliding does not permit rotation?

Plane (Gliding) Joints

What type of joints have Nonaxial (Translational) movements?

Monaxial (Uniaxial)

Movement along one axis (angular or rotation movement) is that type of dynamic movement?

Hinge Joints and Pivot Joints

What are the two types of joints with monaxial (Uniaxial) movement?

Biaxial

movement along two axes (angular, not rotational movement)

Condylar Joints & Saddle Joints

What are the 2 types of Biaxial movement?