chem ch 8

saturated solution

contains the max. amount of solute that can be dissolved; reaches a physical equilibrium

unsaturated solution

contains less than max. amount of solute that can be dissolved

electrolytes

solutes that produce ions in solutions

strong electrolytes

completely ionize in water

weak electrolytes

partially ionize in water, weakly conduct electricity, pKa≥3, weak acids/bases

nonelectrolytes

dissolve but don’t form ions

H+(aq) + Cl-(aq)

HCl + H2O

H+(aq) + HSO4-(aq)

H2SO4 + H2O

NA+(aq) + OH-(aq)

NaOH(s) + H2O

2Na+(aq) + CO32-(aq)

Na2CO3 + H2O

it increases

what happens to solubility of solids in water when temp. increases?

it decreases

what happens to solubility of gases in water when temp. increases?

Henry’s law

solubility of a gas in a liquid is directly related to the pressure of that gas over the liquid

6.02 × 10^24

avogadro’s number

amount of solute/amount of solution

concentration=

mole solute/L solution

M=

mmole solute/L solution

mmole/L=

parts solute/parts solution x 100

% concentration=

g solute/g solution x 100

% m/m=

mL solute/mL solution x 100

% v/v=

g solute/mL solution x 100

% m/v=

C1V1=C2V2

dilution equation

Vf/Vi

dilution factor

desired diluted V/dilution factor

amount of stock solution=

osmosis

semipermeable membrane separates 2 sets of solution but small molecules like water, O, & N can still pass thru

solvent moves

osmosis

solute moves

diffusion

diffusion

movement of molecules in a direction that equalize concentration

passive diffusion

going from high to low concentration, driven by entropy

facilitated diffusion

going from high to low concentration but requires a carrier molecule, drive by entropy

active transport

moving against concentration gradient with a carrier molecule, uses ATP for energy

isotonic

same concentration inside/outside the cell

hypertonic

higher concentration

hypotonic

lower concentration

crenation

cells shrivel up

hemolysis

cells burst